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59800-01-34-ATTACHMENT C T8 CCR§1532 Cadmium-Appendix A 4. Non-carcinogenic Effects Acute pneumonitis occurs 10 to 24 hours after initial acute inhalation of high levels of cadmium fumes with symptoms such as fever and chest pain(Exs. 30,8-86B). In extreme exposure cases pulmonary edema may develop and cause death several days after exposure.Little actual exposure measurement data is available on the level of airborne cadmium exposure that causes such immediate adverse lung effects,nonetheless,it is reasonable to believe a cadmium concentration of approximately 1 mg/m3 over an eight hour period is "immediately dangerous" (55 FR 4052,ANSI;Ex. 8-86B). In addition to acute lung effects and chronic renal effects, long term exposure to cadmium may cause other severe effects on the respiratory system. Reduced pulmonary function and chronic lung disease indicative of emphysema have been observed in workers who have had prolonged ►. exposure to cadmium dust or fumes(Exs.4-29,4-22,4-42,4-50,4-63). In a study of workers conducted by Kazantzis et al.,a statistically significant excess of worker deaths due to chronic bronchitis was found,which in his opinion was directly related to high cadmium exposures of 1 ` mg/m3 or more(Tr. 6/8/90,pp. 156-157). Cadmium need not be respirable to constitute a hazard. Inspirable cadmium particles that are too large to be respirable but small enough to enter the tracheobronchial region of the lung can lead to bronchoconstriction,chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer of that portion of the lung.All of these diseases have been associated with occupational exposure to cadmium(Ex. 8- 86B). Particles that are constrained by their size to the extra-thoracic regions of the respiratory system such as the nose and maxillary sinuses can be swallowed through mucooillary clearance and be absorbed into the body(ACGIH,Ex. 8-692). The impaction of these particles in the upper airways can lead to anosmia,or loss of sense of smell,which is an early indication of overexposure among workers exposed to heavy metals. This condition is commonly reported among cadmium-exposed workers(Ex. 8-86-B). L L Linden USP S1 and Removal,Task Order No.34 Caltrans Contract 06A1895,EFLS 10-1300-0181-0 Geocon Project No.59800-01-34 Page C-6 of 6 September 2014 L