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• i Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Report Page IV.D-3 • Forward Inc. Landfill 2018 Revised Project quality standards for most of the criteria air pollutants (known as CAAQS, or State standards). The pollutants of greatest concern in the area are 03 and PMlp. The State and National Ambient i Air Quality Standards are summarized in Table IV.D-1, which also provides a brief discussion of the related health effects and principal sources for each air pollutant. i Criteria Air Pollutants i The following provides a brief summary of the potential health and welfare effects and typical sources of each of the criteria air pollutants. + Ozone. Ozone is a respiratory irritant and an oxidant that increases susceptibility to respiratory infections and that can cause substantial damage to vegetation and other materials. Ozone is not emitted directly into the atmosphere, but is a secondary air pollutant produced in the atmosphere through a complex series of photochemical reactions involving volatile organic i compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NO,). VOCs and NO,are known as precursor • compounds for ozone. Substantial ozone production generally requires ozone precursors to be • present in a stable atmosphere with strong sunlight for approximately three hours. Ozone is a regional air pollutant because it is not emitted directly by sources,but is formed downwind of sources of VOC and NO,under the influence of wind and sunlight. Ozone concentrations tend • to be higher in the late spring, summer, and fall,when the long sunny days combine with • regional subsidence inversions to create conditions conducive to the formation and accumulation of secondary photochemical compounds, such as ozone. i Carbon Monoxide. Carbon monoxide(CO) is a non-reactive pollutant that is a product of i incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials such as fossil fuels, and is mostly i associated with motor vehicle traffic, and in wintertime, with wood-burning stoves and • fireplaces. High CO concentrations develop primarily during winter when periods of light • winds combine with the formation of ground-level temperature inversions (typically from the evening through early morning). These conditions result in reduced dispersion of vehicle exhaust emissions. Motor vehicles also exhibit increased CO emission rates at low air temperatures. When inhaled at high concentrations,CO combines with hemoglobin in the • blood and reduces its' oxygen-carrying capacity, resulting in reduced oxygen reaching the brain, heart, and other body tissues. This condition is especially critical for people with i cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung disease, or anemia. CO measurements and modeling are not a priority in most California air districts due to the retirement of older polluting vehicles, i less emissions from new vehicles, and improvements in fuels. i Nitrogen Oxides. When combustion temperatures are extremely high, as in aircraft, truck and automobile engines, atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen to form various oxides of i nitrogen. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO,) are the most significant air pollutants i generally referred to as NO,. Nitric oxide is a colorless and odorless gas that is relatively harmless to humans, quickly converts to NO2and can be measured. Nitrogen dioxide has been found to be a lung irritant capable of producing pulmonary edema. Inhaling NOz can lead to respiratory illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia. • Particulate Matter. Particulate matter(PM,o and PMIS) consists of airborne particles that are i 10 microns or less in diameter and 2.5 microns or less in diameter,respectively. PM10 and PM2.5