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Table IV.D-1: State and National Criteria Air Pollutant Standards,Effects,and Sources State National Pollutant Health and Atmospheric Pollutant Averaging Time Standard StanMajor Pollutant Sources dard Effects Ozone 1 Hour 0.09 ppm — High concentrations can directly affect Formed when volatile organic compounds and lungs,causing irritation. Long—term nitrogen oxides react in the presence of sunlight. Major 8 Hour 0.070 ppm 0.070 ppm exposure may cause damage to lung sources include on—road motor vehicles,solvent tissue. evaporation,and commercial/industrial mobile equipment. Carbon 1 Hour 20 ppm 35 ppm Classified as a chemical asphyxiant, Combustion,especially gasoline—powered motor Monoxide carbon monoxide interferes with the vehicles. (CO) 8 Hour 9.0 ppm 9 ppm transfer of fresh oxygen to the blood and deprives sensitive tissues of oxygen. Nitrogen 1 Hour 0.18 ppm 0.10 ppm Irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. Motor vehicles,petroleum—refining operations, Dioxide Colors atmosphere reddish—brown. industrial sources,aircraft,ships,and railroads. (NO2) Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.030 ppm 0.053 ppm Sulfur 1 Hour 0.25 ppm 0.075 ppm Irritates upper respiratory tract;injurious Combustion,chemical plants,sulfur recovery Dioxide to lung tissue. Can yellow the leaves of plants,and metal processing. (SO2) 24 Hour 0.04 ppm 0.14 ppm plants,destructive to marble,iron,and steel. Limits visibility and reduces Annual Arithmetic Mean — 0.030 ppm sunlight. Respirable 24 Hour 50µg/m3 150µg/m3 May irritate eyes and respiratory tract, Dust and fume—producing industrial and Particulate decreases in lung capacity,cancer and agricultural operations,combustion,atmospheric Matter Annual Arithmetic Mean 20µg/m3 — increased mortality. Produces haze and photochemical reactions,and natural activities (PM,o) limits visibility. (e.g.,wind—raised dust and ocean sprays). Fine 24 Hour — 35µg/m3 Increases respiratory disease,lung Combustion,primarily in motor vehicles, Particulate damage,cancer,and premature death. equipment,and industrial sources;residential Matter Reduces visibility and results in surface and agricultural burning;Also,formed from (PM2.5) Annual Arithmetic Mean 12µg/m3 12.0µg/m3 soiling. photochemical reactions of other pollutants: nitrogen oxides,sulfur oxides,and organics. Lead(Pb) 30 Day Average 1.5µg/m3 — Disturbs gastrointestinal system,and Present sources:lead smelters,battery causes anemia,kidney disease,and manufacturing&recycling facilities. Past source: Calendar Quarter — 1.5µg/m3 neuromuscular and neurological combustion of leaded gasoline. dysfunction. Rolling 3-Month — 0.15µg/m3 SOURCE:California Air Resource Board,May 4,2016,htty://www. rb.ca.gov/research/aags/aags2.pdf NOTE: ppm=parts per million;µg/m3=micrograms per cubic meter