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! , S. r
<br /> $ 106 V . E Banington, R. Stilborn, R. Gar`. ,Moreno
<br /> below ,50 and 25 mg I ', respectively, after clay 411. temperatures. Treatment 5, for example, showed as
<br /> Nitrates increased from 0 to 50 mg I- ', from day 0 increase in seepage rate from 20 to 45 x 10- m
<br /> to day 40. Nevertheless, TN (total nitrogen) at day between days 45 and 51 as the ambient minimttte
<br /> j
<br /> I1 40 was much lower than that of the wastewater, at temperatures dropped from 12 to 1°C and r
<br /> t 210 mg I-'. All treatments attained the required TN again to 8°C.
<br /> seepage rate of 0 6 g m-` day-', after 83 days of The high hydraulic head of 5-6 applied to the soa
<br />' i testing. cores may have influenced the performance of the,;
<br /> i organic liners. Previous laboratory experiments have!
<br /> organic liner been conducted with low hydraulic gradient (the
<br /> Quality of the the organic liner was found to iuflu- depth of liquid and soil core divided by the depth
<br /> The quality oC
<br /> ence the extent of gleization. The four types of soil core) of 1 0 or less. A high hydraulic gradieuC
<br /> organic liner, along with the control, offered variable results in higher seepage rates, along with fas[eC't 1f
<br /> C/N ratios, variable hydrocarbon bio-degradability leaching of microbes. The microbes may have baa
<br /> and variable liner density or permeability. The fol- leached faster than they could reproduce, especially
<br /> lowing liner properties gave the best scaling for treatments 1 and 2, where microbial growth wai;
<br /> slowed by the lack of rapidly-degradable carbo*..
<br /> performance: drates.
<br /> a CIN ratio under 20:
<br /> a combination of straw and manure to give a com-
<br /> bination of slowly- and rapidly-biodegradable ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
<br /> !; carbohydrates. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial coo-
<br /> a a high organic liner density obtained from awell- tribution to the National Research Council d_
<br /> r' distributed particle size or from a combination of Canada and Lakeside Industries of Brooks, Albertv,
<br /> a' straw and manure.
<br /> Accordingly, the liner of treatment 3 produced the REFERENCES
<br /> lowest seepage rate because it had a C/N ratio below
<br /> fI` 20 (19); a straw to beeflot manure ratio of 15/85, APHA, WPCF and AWWA (1990). Standard Analysisjt
<br /> giving a balanced rate of carbohydrate degradation, Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Assoco-.
<br /> 'i and a dry density of 0.3-0.4 g ml-'. This liner there- tion, American Waste Works Association and Waftf
<br /> Pollution Control Federation. Washington, D C
<br /> fore provided the best conditions for induced Barrington, S. F., Jutras, P. R. & Broughton, R S (198i�;i
<br /> gleization. The scaling of soils by manures.. Cern. Agric. Engrg
<br /> The liner of treatment 4, the second-best-perform- (2), 99-108.
<br /> ing liner, had a C/N ratio under 20 (16); contained Barrington, S. F., Raimondo, R. & Prasher, S.
<br /> no straw, offering a high rate of carbohydrate degra- Geotextilcs as scaling liners for earthen manure
<br /> f dation; and a high-density liner of 1.3 g ml-'. This voirs. Part 2. Scaling mechanisms. J. Agric. Engng:
<br /> treatment suffered a high TS seepage rate (Fig. 4) 46, 105-12. ''Barrington, S. F. & Broughton, R. S. (1988). De"'
<br /> i suggesting rapid degradation of its organic liner and earthen storage facilities. Can. Agric. Engrg, 30
<br /> a less effective physical scaling, as explained earlier. 289_92,
<br /> The soil by itself in treatment 6 produced a seep- Dav
<br /> is,
<br /> S ondre effectively Wl S self-sealing.eishitTH. 1973)
<br /> age rate as low as that of treatment 4 and it can w 69-71.P y
<br /> therefore be said that the high organic matter con- Knowles, R. (1982). Denitrification. MicrobioLi
<br /> tent of the experimental loam was conducive to 43-60.
<br /> gleization. The C/N ratio was well under 20, of the Hills, D. J. (1976). Infiltration characteristics
<br /> order of 10, and its humus provided the right pro- bic lagoons.J. WPCF, 48 (4), 695-709.
<br /> portion of slowly- and rapidly-degradable McConkey, B. G., Reimer, C. D. & Nicholas
<br /> r,. (1990a). Scaling earthen hydraulic sten
<br /> ?' carbohydrates. enhanced gleization and sodium carbonate.
<br /> i Treatments 1 and 2 demonstrated the least seal- tory study of the effect of a freeze thaw e➢
<br /> ing, despite their organic liners of straw and beeflot drying interval. Can.Agric. Engng,32, 163-70.,
<br /> manure or broiler litter, respectively. The liner of McConkey, B. G., Reimer, C. D., Nicholaich
<br /> treatment 1 had a C/N ratio of 22, rather close to Jame, Y. W. (19906). Sealing earthen hydta;
<br /> tures with enhanced gleization and sodium
<br /> il that recommended (20) but a low density of 0.62 g II. Application for lining an irrigation canal.'
<br /> ml-'. The liner of treatment 2 had a high ON ratio Engng,32, 171-6.
<br /> of 42 and a low density of 0.84 g ml-'. Both of these McNeal, B. L. (1974). Soil salts and their eff
<br /> _ treatments contained mostly slowly-degradable movement. In Drainage of Agricultural Soils.
<br /> x The broiler litter had a high ash Society of Agronomy,WI, USA, pp. 409-12.
<br /> organic matter.
<br /> Miriskhulava, Ts., E., Abclishvili, G. B. &Terle
<br /> content (Table 1), an indication of a more resistant N. (1972). Effect of microbial processes in .
<br /> ) ' organic matter. of water through soil. Proc. IAHRS-ISSS
<br /> 3i
<br /> versity of Guelph, Ontario,pp. 713-21.
<br /> Physical factors affecting sealing Nicholaichuk, E. (1978). Seepage control in
<br /> f'
<br /> The seepage rates were found to depend on ambient earthen reservoirs. Can.Agric. Engng,20 (2),
<br />
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