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EXTOXNET PIP - IMIDACLOPRID Page 3 of 4 these studies, imidacloprid appears to have potential as a bird repellent seed treatment(332, 333). • Effects on Aquatic Organisms: The toxicity of imidacloprid to fish is moderately low. The 96- hour LC50 of imidacloprid is 211 mg/1 for rainbow trout, 280 mgll for carp, and 237 mg/l for golden orfe. In tests with the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia, the 48-hour EC50 (effective concentration to cause toxicity in 50% of the test organisms) was 85 mg/I (1). Products containing imidacloprid may be very toxic to aquatic invertebrates. • Effects on Other Animals (Nontarget species): Imidacloprid is highly toxic to bees if used as a foliar application, especially during flowering, but is not considered a hazard to bees when used as a seed treatment (1). ENVIRONMENTAL FATE • Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater: The half-life of imidacloprid in soil is 48- 190 days, depending on the amount of ground cover(it breaks down faster in soils with plant ground cover than in fallow soils) (334). Organic material aging may also affect the breakdown rate of imidacloprid. Plots treated with cow manure and allowed to age before sowing showed longer persistence of imidacloprid in soils than in plots where the manure was more recently applied, and not allowed to age (335). Imidacloprid is degraded stepwise to the primary metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid, which eventually breaks down into carbon dioxide (336). There is generally not a high risk of groundwater contamination with imidacloprid if used as directed. The chemical is moderately soluble, and has moderate binding affinity to organic materials in soils. However, there is a potential for the compound to move through sensitive soil types including porous, gravelly, or cobbly soils, depending on irrigation practices (337). • Breakdown of Chemical in Surface Water: The half-life in water is much greater than 31 days at pH 5, 7 and 9. No other information was found. • Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation: Imidacloprid penetrates the plant, and moves from the stem to the tips of the plant. It has been tested in a variety of application and crop types, and is metabolized following the same pathways. The most important steps were loss of the nitro group, hydroxylation at the imidazolidine ring, hydrolysis to 6- chloronicotinic acid and formation of conjugates (1). • Analytical Methods: Methods are available for determining imidacloprid residues (the 6- chloropicolyl moiety) in plant materials using HPLC with u.v. detection (338). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GUIDELINES Physical Properties: • Appearance: Colorless crystals with a weak characteristic odor. • Chemical Name: 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidencamine, 1-[(6- chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine. • CAS Number: 13826-41-3 • Molecular Weight: 255.7 • Water Solubility: 0.51 g/1 (200 degrees C) • Solubility in Other Solvents: @ 20 degrees C: dichloromethane - 50.0 - 100.0 g/l; isopropanol - 1.0-2.0 g/l; toluene - 0.5-1.0 g/1; n-hexane - <0.1 g/l; fat - 0.061 g/100g • Melting Point: 136.4143.8 degrees C., 143.8 degrees C (crystal form 1) 136.4 degrees C (crystal form 2) • Vapor Pressure: 0.2 uPa(20 degrees C) (1.5 X 10 to the minus 9 mmHg) • Partition Coefficient: 0.57 (22 degrees Q. (1) • Adsorption Coefficient: Not Available v http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/imidaclo.htm 11/22/2004