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EXTOXNET PIP - PROPA'* Page 2 of 4 toxicity (less than 2000 mg/kg) for one formulated product, Propanil 4 [58]. However, the reported LD50 values in rats and rabbits indicate moderate to practically no dermal toxicity (greater than 2000 mg/kg) for four other formulated products: Wham DF, Wham EZ, Stam 80 EDF, and Stam M-4 [58]. Technical propanil is moderately toxic via the inhalation route, with a reported 4-hour LC50 of 1.12 mg/L [8,58]. The formulated products may be less toxic, with inhalation 4-hour LC50 values of 2.8 mg/L for Stam M-4 and 6.1 mg/L for Stam 80 EDF [58]. • Chronic toxicity: In a 2-year study, a dietary level of about 80 mg/kg/day caused a decrease in overall growth and a relative increase in the weight of the spleen and liver in female rats and of the testes in males [87]. Feed consumption, growth, and hemoglobin levels in rats were reduced at daily doses of about 180 mg/kg/day over 3 weeks [87]. In a 2-year study in dogs, a dietary level of about 85 mg/kg/day depressed growth in spite of increased food intake and increased relative liver weight [87]. The only other change detected was a slight increase in the relative weight of the heart [87]. Liver and blood changes and cyanosis was seen at 25 mg/kg/day in mice over 90 days [87]. • Reproductive effects: In a three-generation study, male and female rats fed doses as high as 50 mg/kg/day of propanil for 11 weeks before mating showed no effect on fertility, gestation, viability, or lactation [8]. It appears that propanil does not cause reproductive effects. • Teratogenic effects: No evidence of teratogenic effects was observed in studies with rats and rabbits [58,125]. • Mutagenic effects: In vitro tests of propanil, including the Ames test (with and without metabolic activation), tests on mammalian cell cultures, and cytogenetic assays on mice, failed to show mutagenic or genotoxic effects [58,125]. • Carcinogenic effects: No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in long-term studies of mice and rats [58]. • Organ toxicity: Data from animal studies indicate that the most likely target organs are the liver, kidney, spleen, and possibly testes [87]. Dermatitis (rashes) and sensitization (allergies) are possible. High doses may produce anemia due to the formation of methemoglobin [87]. • Fate in humans and animals: When propanil was fed to a cow for 4 days, 1.4% of the total dose was recovered in the feces, but none was detected in the urine or milk [87]. This suggests that propanil is absorbed into the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract and that, once in the bloodstream, propanil is metabolized by the body. Propanil is lipid (fat) soluble. The liver breaks down propanil to aniline derivatives. These metabolites are responsible for the methemoglobin formation [70]. Excretion is through the urine. Ecological Effects: • Effects on birds: Propanil is moderately toxic to birds. The oral LD50 for propanil in bobwhite quail is 196 mg/kg, and in mallard ducks is 275 mg/kg [58]. The 8-day dietary LC50 for propanil in bobwhite quail is 2861 ppm, and in mallard ducks is 5627 ppm [58]. • Effects on aquatic organisms: Propanil may be moderately to highly toxic to a wide range of aquatic species [58]. The 96-hour LC50 for propanil is 5.4 mg/L in bluegill sunfish, 2.3 mg/L in rainbow trout, and 4.6 mg/L in sheepshead minnows [58]. The 48-hour LC50 for propanil in Daphnia magna, a small freshwater crustacean, is 0.14 mg/L, and for mysid shrimp is 0.4 mg/L [58]. The 96-hour LC50 of propanil is 5.8 mg/L in the Eastern oyster [58]. The compound concentrated to levels up to 111 times the background water concentration in fathead minnows. The level of pesticide in the minnows returned to normal within 10 days after the fish were placed in a propanil-free enviroment. This indicates that the compound is not likely to concentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms. • Effects on other organisms: Propanil is nontoxic to honeybees, with a reported contact LC50 of 240 ug/bee [1]. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/propanil.htm 9(2112444