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EXTOXNET PIP - COPPEN-6ULFATE ..00, Page 3 of 4 than to other animals. The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) is 1000 mg/kg in pigeons and 600 mg/kg in ducks [8]. The oral LD50 for Bordeaux mixture in young mallards is 2000 mg/kg [27]. • Effects on aquatic organisms: Copper sulfate is highly toxic to fish [28]. Even at recommended rates of application, this material may be poisonous to trout and other fish, especially in soft or acid waters. Its toxicity to fish generally decreases as water hardness increases. Fish eggs are more resistant than young fish fry to the toxic effects of copper sulfate [26]. Copper sulfate is toxic to aquatic invertebrates, such as crab, shrimp, and oysters. The 96-hour LC50 of copper sulfate to pond snails is 0.39 mg/L at 20 C. Higher concentrations of the material caused some behavioral changes, such as secretion of mucous, and discharge of eggs and embryos [8]. • Effects on other organisms: Bees are endangered by Bordeaux mixture [1]. Copper sulfate may be poisonous to sheep and chickens at normal application rates. Most animal life in soil, including large earthworms, have been eliminated by the extensive use of copper containing fungicides in orchards [28]. Environmental Fate: • Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Since copper is an element it will persist indefinitely. Copper is bound, or adsorbed, to organic materials, and to clay and mineral surfaces. The degree of adsorption to soils depends on the acidity or alkalinity of the soil [8]. Because copper sulfate is highly water soluble, it is considered one of the more mobile metals in soils. However, because of it binding capacity, its leaching potential is low in all but sandy soils [8]. When applied with irrigation water, copper sulfate does not accumulate in the surrounding soils. Some (60%) is deposited in the sediments at the bottom of the irrigation ditch, where it becomes adsorbed to clay, mineral, and organic particles. Copper compounds also settle out of solution [26]. • Breakdown in water: As an element, copper can persist indefinitely. However, it will bind to water particulates and sediment. • Breakdown in vegetation: One of the limiting factors in the use of copper compounds is their serious potential for phytotoxicity [24]. Copper sulfate can kill plants by disrupting photosynthesis. Blue-green algae in some copper sulfate treated Minnesota lakes became increasingly resistant to the algacide after 26 years of use [28]. Physical Properties: • Appearance: Copper sulfate crystals are blue or green white and odorless [1]. • Chemical Name: copper sulfate [1] • CAS Number: 7758-98-7 • Molecular Weight: 249.68 • Water Solubility: Anhydrous form; 230,500 mg/L at 25 C [1] • Solubility in Other Solvents: methanol s.s. [3]; ethanol i.s. [1] • Melting Point: Above 110 C, copper sulfate loses water of crystallization with formation of the monohydrate; above 250 C it loses all water of crystallization [1] • Vapor Pressure: Nonvolatile [1] • Partition Coefficient: Not Available • Adsorption Coefficient: Not Available Exposure Guidelines: • ADI: Not Available • MCL:Not Available • RfD: Not Available httn-//extoxnet.orst.edu/nins/connersu.htm 9/21/2004