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of athological misuse of solvents and gasolinedWlving repeated and prolonged exposure to�concentrations of vapor is a significant
<br /> xposure on which there are many reports in medical literature. As with other solvents, stent abuse involving repeated and
<br /> rolonged exposures to high concentrations of vapor has been reported to result in central nervous system damage and eventually,
<br /> death. In a study in which ten human volunteers were exposed for 30 minutes to approximately 200, 500 or 1000 ppm concentrations of
<br /> asoline vapor, irritation of the eyes was the only significant effect observed, based on both subjective and objective assessments.
<br /> ifetime inhalation of wholly vaporized unleaded gasoline at 2056 ppm has caused increased liver tumors in female mice and kidney
<br /> cancer in male rats. In their 1988 review of carcinogenic risk from gasoline, The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)
<br /> (ave
<br /> that, because published epidemiology studies did not include any exposure data, only occupations where gasoline exposure may
<br /> (ave occurred were reviewed. These included gasoline service station attendants and automobile mechanics. IARC also noted that there
<br /> as no opportunity to separate effects of combustion products from those of gasoline itself. Although IARC allocated gasoline a final
<br /> overall classification of Group 2B, i.e. possibly carcinogenic to humans, this was based on limited evidence in experimental animals plus
<br /> supporting evidence including the presence in gasoline of benzene. The actual evidence for carcinogenicity in humans was considered
<br /> adequate.
<br /> To explore the health effects of workers potentially exposed to gasoline vapors in the marketing and distribution sectors of the petroleum
<br /> Condustry, the American Petroleum Institute sponsored a cohort mortality study(Publication 4555), a nested case-control study
<br /> Publication 4551), and an exposure assessment study (Publication 4552). Histories of exposure to gasoline were reconstructed for
<br /> hort of more than 18,000 employees from four companies for the time period between 1946 and 1985. The results of the cohort
<br /> tmortality study indicated that there was no increased mortality from either kidney cancer or leukemia among marketing and marine
<br /> istribution employees who were exposed to gasoline in the petroleum industry, when compared to the general population. More
<br /> mportantly, based on internal comparisons, there was no association between mortality from kidney cancer or leukemia and various
<br /> indices of gasoline exposure. In particular, neither duration of employment, duration of exposure, age at first exposure, year of first
<br /> xposure, job category, cumulative exposure, frequency of peak exposure, nor average intensity of exposure had any effect on kidney
<br /> ancer or leukemia mortality. The results of the nested case-control study confirmed the findings of the original cohort study. That is,
<br /> xposure to gasoline at the levels experienced by this cohort of distribution workers is not a significant risk factor for leukemia (all cell
<br /> types), acute myeloid leukemia, kidney cancer or multiple myeloma.
<br /> iiiiiii[SECTION 12 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
<br /> COTOXICITY
<br /> 96 hours) LC50: 2.7 mg/I (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
<br /> 18 hour(s) LC50: 3.0 mg/I (Daphnia magna)
<br /> 6 hour(s) LC50: 8.3 mg/I (Cyprinodon variegatus)
<br /> 96 hour(s) LC50: 1.8 mg/I (Mysidopsis bahia)
<br /> asoline studies have been conducted in the laboratory under a variety of test conditions with a range of fish and invertebrate species.
<br /> n even more extensive database is available on the aquatic toxicity of individual aromatic constituents. The majority of published studies
<br /> o not identify the type of gasoline evaluated, or even provide distinguishing characteristics such as aromatic content or presence of lead
<br /> alkyls. As a result, comparison of results among studies using open and closed vessels, different ages and species of test animals and
<br /> Fifferent gasoline types, is difficult.
<br /> The bulk of the available literature on gasoline relates to the environmental impact of monoaromatic (BTEX) and diaromatic (naphthalene,
<br /> (ethylnaphthalenes) constituents. In general, non-oxygenated gasoline exhibits some short-term toxicity to freshwater and marine
<br /> rganisms, especially under closed vessel or flow-through exposure conditions in the laboratory. The components which are the most
<br /> ominent in the water soluble fraction and cause aquatic toxicity, are also highly volatile and can be readily biodegraded by
<br /> microorganisms.
<br /> INVIRONMENTAL FATE
<br /> This material is expected to be readily biodegradable. Following spillage, the more volatile components of gasoline will be rapidly lost,
<br /> Cith concurrent dissolution of these and other constituents into the water. Factors such as local environmental conditions (temperature,
<br /> ind, mixing or wave action, soil type, etc), photo-oxidation, biodegradation and adsorption onto suspended sediments, can contribute to
<br /> he weathering of spilled gasoline.
<br /> he aqueous solubility of non-oxygenated unleaded gasoline, based on analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene+xylenes and
<br /> aphthalene, is reported to be 112 mg/I. Solubility data on individual gasoline constituents also available.
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<br /> SECTION 13 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
<br /> Use material for its intended purpose or recycle if possible. This material, if it must be discarded, may meet the criteria of a hazardous
<br /> aste as defined by US EPA under RCRA(40 CFR 261) or other State and local regulations. Measurement of certain physical
<br /> roperties and analysis for regulated components may be necessary to make a correct determination. If this material is classified as a
<br /> hazardous waste, federal law requires disposal at a licensed hazardous waste disposal facility.
<br /> SECTION 14 TRANSPORT INFORMATION
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