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f <br /> F <br /> t <br /> 5.1.2 Chemical Description of Gasoline <br /> Gasoline is produced from the light distillates during <br /> petroleum fractionation, with its major components including <br /> paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and recently <br /> ethanol . Gasoline also contains various functional additives <br /> as required for different uses, such as antiknock fluids, <br /> antioxidants, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, anti- <br /> icing agents, preingition preventors, upper-cylinder <br /> lubricants, dyes, and decolorizer . Lead additives in ' <br /> particular were widely used in gasoline until the introduction <br /> of vehicle catalytic converters . <br /> Mild cases of gasoline ingestion can cause inebriation, <br /> vomiting, vertigo, drowsiness, confusion, and fever. <br /> Aspiration into the lungs and secondary pneumonia may occur <br /> unless prevented. Gasoline can cause hyperemia of the <br /> conjunctiva and other eye disturbances . Inhalation of <br /> gasoline during bulk handling operations produced no <br /> physiological effects . Gasoline is a skin irritant and a <br /> possible allergen. Repeated or chronic dermal contact can <br /> result in drying of the skin, lesions, and other dermatologic <br /> conditions . <br /> The time weighted average (TWA) of the permissible exposure <br /> limit (PEL) for gasoline is 300 parts-per-million (ppm) and <br /> the short term exposure limit (STEL) is 500 ppm. <br /> 5.1.3 Chemical Description of Benzene <br /> Benzene is a clear colorless liquid. <br /> Exposure to high concentrations (3 , 000 ppm) may result in <br /> acute poisoning, characterized by the narcotic action of <br /> benzene on the central nervous sy tem. Chronic poisoning <br /> occurs most commonly through inhalation and dermal absorption. <br /> Benzene is also a recognized carcinogen. ; <br /> The PEL for benzene is 1 ppm in air. <br /> 5.1.4 Chemical Description of Toluene <br /> �y I <br /> Toluene is a colorless liquid witl a benzol-like odor. � <br /> Inhalation of high vapor concentrations may cause impairment <br /> of coordination and reaction time, headaches, nausea, eye <br /> irritation, loss of appetite, a bad taste, and lassitude. <br /> i <br /> The PEL for toluene is 100 ppm in air. <br /> 8 <br /> �f <br />