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1 <br />' Table 8 <br /> . BTEX Properties <br />' Compound Solubility (mg/0 Percent in Gasoline Toxic Effects <br />' Benzene 1780 0.12-3 50 Carcinogen <br /> Toluene 535 2 73-21 80 Neurotoxin <br /> Xylene (total) 175 3.22-8.31 Neurotoxin <br /> Ethylbenzene 152 0.36-2.86 Neurotoxin <br />' The BTEX compounds are generally volatile, highly soluble in water, and adsorb less strongly <br /> to soil than other compounds in gasoline. These characteristics allow the BTEX compounds to <br />' leach more rapidly from soil into groundwater and migrate with groundwater flow <br />' The migration of BTEX compounds in groundwater is controlled by several processes including <br /> advection, dispersion, diffusion, sorption, volatilization, and biodegradation. Advection is the <br /> bulk movement of groundwater and is the primary driving force of contaminant movement. <br />' Dispersion, diffusion and sorption tend to slow contaminant migration Biodegradation is the <br /> most important process in reducing contaminant mass <br /> lie For the biodegradation of BTEX compounds to occur through the action of indigenous microbes, <br /> an adequate supply of carbon, electron acceptors, essential nutrients, proper pH, temperature, <br /> and redox potential must be available Naturally occurring organic material and petroleum <br /> hydrocarbons supply most of the carbon Organic material also tends to enhance sorption and <br /> decrease the mobility of BTEX compounds Dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, iron (III), sulfate, <br /> and carbon dioxide are the more important sources of electron acceptors Fuel degrading <br />' microbes thrive under a wide range of temperatures and pH and are ubiquitous in the <br /> environment Because the rate of natural biodegradation is generally limited by a lack of <br /> electron acceptors, oxygen can be introduced into the contaminant plume to increase the rate of <br />' biodegradation <br /> 1 <br /> 1 <br /> L\PR0JEC'MSAN10QWSMACT10NPL 29 <br />