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THREATS AND MANAGEMENT CONCERNS Sharp-shinned hawks underwent serious population declines throughout the United States prior to the ban on DDT. However, their populations seem to have recovered from the drastic declines brought about by DDT-induced eggshell thinning and reproductive failure (Evans, 1982). Still, information on the status of the sharp-shinned hawk in California is incomplete. Primary threats include coniferous forest management practices which create large blocks of monotypic habitat, thus reducing available nest sites and prey species. The reduction in riparian woodlands at all elevations also threatens breeding, foraging and wintering habitat. The continued use of organochlorine pesticides in the southern portions of their wintering range (i.e. Mexico, Central and South America) contaminates prey species and results in decreased reproductive success. SELECTED REFERENCES Beedy, Edward C. and Stephen L. Granholm. 1985. Discovering Sierra Birds. Yosemite Natural History Association and Sequoia Natural History Association. 229 pp. Bent, Arthur C. 1938. Life histories of North American birds of prey (part 1). U. S.Nat. Mus. Bull. 170: viii + 409 pp. California Department of Fish and Game. 1987. Special animals. Natural Diversity Data Base. 18 pp. Clarke, Ronald G. 1982. Nest site selection by sharp-shinned hawks in interior Alaska. Pages 155-162 In: W. N. Ladd and P. F. Schempf, eds., Raptor management biology in Alaska and western Canada. U.S. D.I., U.S.F.W.S.,Proc. Symp. and Workshop. 335 pp. Ehrlich, Paul R., David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. Simon and Schuster,Inc.,New York. 798 pp. Evans, David L. 1982. Status reports on twelve raptors. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 238, Washington. 68 pp. Forsman,Eric D. 1980. Accipiter management on the Fremont National Forest. Fremont National Forest,Lakeview,Oregon. 28 pp. Jones, Stephen. 1979. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, The accipiters-goshawk, cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk. U.S.D.I., B.L.M., T-N-335, Report No. 17: 1-51. Moore, Kevin R. and Charles J. Henny. 1983. Nest site characteristics of three coexisting accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon. Raptor Research 17(3): 65-76.