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Vapor Density Vapor Density i • Vapor Density(VD)is the mass of the vapor divided by the If the VD of the chemical is less than 1 it will rise and volume it fills. disperse unless it is contained in the ceiling area of a The VD of a chemical is usually compared to the VD of air(1.0) structure or in an overcast sky. • If the VD of the chemical is greater than 1.0 as compared to air the chemical vapors will sink. —These vapors will sink to the ground or floor,and may accumulate to reach their Lower Explosive Limit(LEL)or toxic levels and even may displace breathing air resulting in an oxygen deficient atmosphere i , Explosive Limit& Range Explosive Limit & Range • The explosive range is the range of concentrations of the If the vapor concentration in air is less than the LEL or material In air which will permit the material to explode or greater than the UEL,the material will not burn. burn. -Lower than the LEL the atmosphere is too lean -The wider the range the more dangerous the chemical -Greater than the UEL the mixture is too rich • The lowest ignitable concentration of substance in air is called the"Lower Explosive Limit"or LEL. • The highest percentage of a substance in air that will ignite _„ is the"Upper Explosive Limit"or UEL. �Ml I General Chemical Safety General Chemical Safety • No one should be allowed to work alone at Exposure to airborne substances any hazardous operation or in any (—.r— I • should be controlled by the use of hazardous location. "'" fume hoods and adequate —Working alone means being out of sight or voice ` i ventilation. range of others 3�Or r Never taste,smell or touch chemicals —If you are hurt no one will be able to wme to t0 determine their identity or your assistance Y • The followingmethods can be used to �r -r" u' C presence: 't'rakr�' reduce or eliminate exposure to chemical —Do not bring food or drinks into areas v f d y where chemicals are stored or used hazards. - —Skin contact should be avoided-a x — Engineering controls �� .•y„ ° Cardinal rule —Administrative controls — ;� • — Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) , 7