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Nonparametric Tolerance Limit When the background data set contains greater than 50 percent but less than 100 percent non- detect values and/or its distribution is not normal (or transformed normal), Sanitas applies the nonparametric tolerance limit method. However, this method requires a large number of samples to achieve a false positive rate of 1 percent or less, which is required by CCR Title 23, Chapter 15, Article 5 guidelines. Thus, when the alpha level was higher than 1 percent, the concentration limit was not established and data was compared to established limits in the Waste Discharge Requirements. Non-statistical Approach When the background data set contains 100 percent non-detect values, Sanitas applies the non- statistical approach. This approach takes into consideration that if historically a constituent has not been detected, any detection of that constituent would be considered an exceedance. Thus, in these situations (100 percent non-detected values), the tolerance limit is set at "detect", meaning that if a value is detected above its method detection limit, this value is an exceedance of the concentration limit. Trend Analysis Sen's Slope measures the change in constituent concentrations per unit time. Sen's method is not greatly affected by outliers, and the slope can be computed when data are missing. Sen's estimator is closely related to the Mann-Kendall test, which is a nonparametric rank correlation test for trend. The test uses only the relative magnitudes of the data rather than their actual values; therefore, missing values are allowed, and constituents that are reported as less than the detection limit can be used by assigning them values equal to half the detection limit. Sen's Slope and the Mann-Kendall tests are described in "Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring," Richard O. Gilbert, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987. Mann- Kendall test is recommended in "An Evaluation of Trend Detection Techniques for use in Water Quality Monitoring Programs," Jim C. Loftis, et al. (USEPA), 1989. For the Harney Lane Sanitary Landfill, the null hypothesis is "no statistically significant trend in constituent concentrations." The null hypothesis is rejected if trends in the data are significant at alpha = 0.05, which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis of no trend when it is true (i.e., a Type 1 error). Sanitas is used to calculate both the Sen's Slope and the Mann-Kendall test for trends. Harney Lane Sanitary Landfill D-2 Department of Public Works/Soiid Waste 1s'Semester 2013 Groundwater Monitoring Report County of San Joaquin—July 15,2013