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PANOCNE BURN SITE REMEDIATION TABLE 5 Detected Semi-Volatile Organics in the Oil Sample(Date) GIS-01 GIS-02 GIS-03 EPA Method 8270 (11/13/96) (11/20/96) (11/20/96) 2-Methylnaphthalene 3,200 80,000 82,000 Anthracene ND 51,000 57,000 Benzo(a)pyrene 480 ND ND Benzo(k)fluoranthene 730 ND ND Fluoranthene ND 9,300 10,000 Naphthalene 3,400 120,000 125,000 Phenanthrene 3,200 11,000 12,000 Pyrene ND 29,000 29,000 Note: All units in Mg/kg. ND= None detected. The dioxins and furans analysis in GIS-2 and GIS-3 indicated concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 0.61 p g/g. 3.4.3.4 Water Sample Only three metals were detected in the surface water using the CAM-17 analysis. Concen- trations varied from 0.042 mg/L for barium, 0.02 mg/L for chromium, and 0.16 mg/L for zinc. The pH was 7.7, and the electrical conductivity was 1,490 µmhos/cm. Sulfate anions and TDS were 396 and 893 mg/L, respectively. No semi-volatile organics, per EPA Method 8270, were detected in the water sample. 3.4.4 Discussion of Results To better understand the sampling results from the tire fire, a quick review of the tire manu- facturing process and combustion of tires is necessary. Tire manufacturing process includes the use of natural and synthetic rubbers, dry pigments, softeners, plasticizers, activators, accelerators and retarders, protectants, flame retardants, and structural material. Today, the most commonly used synthetic rubber is styrene butadiene. The majority of pigment in tires is carbon black, while a small amount of titanium dioxide is used for white walls. Softeners include oils, tars, resins, and organic materials. Plasticizers include 2,2- dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide and dithiobisbenzanilide. These compounds are not used in the tire rubber process but may be used in the adhesion process for bias and radial piles. Tires manufactured today use zinc oxide as an activator; however, lead oxide was used in the past. Most accelerators contain elemental sulfur to influence the cure or accelerator rate of natural and synthetic rubbers. The most common combination consists of mercaptobenzothiazole, or benzothiazyl disulfide combined with a diphenylguanidine or thiuram disulfide. Some retarders have a sulfonamide group or they may be salicylic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic CIWMB 29