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2.0 EMISSIGNS FROM OPEN TIRE FIRES Airborne missions from open tire fires have long been suspected of representing a serious impact to health and the environment. However, due to the lack of sufficient data, it was uncertain as to exactly what was being emitted, how much was being emitted, and how dangerous these emissions were, especially to sensitive individuals (e.g., children and the elderly). In recent years, a number of laboratory and field test programs have been conducted to identify and quantify these emissions. This section summarizes the results of a number of key studies in this area and briefly discusses certain aspects of preventing and managing tire fires. 2.1 LABORATORY EMISSIONS TESTING A controlled simulation test program designed to identify and quantify organic and inorganic emission products during the simulated open combustion of scrap tires was conducted by EPA (Ryan, 1989) and further documented in an Air and Waste Management Association Paper [(AWMA) Lemieux and Ryan, 1993]. This important study is summarized in detail below. Small quantities of 4.5 to 9 kilograms (kg [10 to 20 pounds (lb)IJ of scrap tire material were burned under two controlled conditions in a 2.4 x 2.4 x 2.4 m [8 x 8 x 8 foot (ft)] ventilated, instrumented burn hut. Two sizes of tire material were burned: "chunk," about 1/6 to 1/4 of an entire tire and "shred", where the tire pieces were 5 x 5 centimeters (cm [2 x 2 inches (in)]l. EPA's Hazardous Air Pollutants Mobile Laboratory was used to monitor fixed combustion gases. Organics were collected using the volatile organic sampling train and a semi-volatile collection system using XAD-2 resin and particulate filters. Particulate was also collected to assess airborne metals and to measure the amount of particulate less than 10 microns (pm) in aerodynamic diameter (PM 1�. The organic constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the test program are presented in Tables 1 through 4. Table 1 presents an averaging of the three sets of volatile organic sampling train (VOST) samples taken at each run condition, each taken at different periods during the burn. Benzene is emitted in large quantities under both conditions. The majority of the volatile organic emissions are aliphatic-, olefinic-, or acetylenic-substituted aromatics. Cyclic alkanes, alkenes, and dienes were also present. Butadiene, a major constituent of the tire fabrication process was also present. The estimated emissions were calculated assuming that dilution air was added at a constant volume flow and the amount of air entering equaled the amount exiting the burn hut. A well-mixed condition is also assumed (i.e., the sample collected at the duct is representative of the gas mixture in the hut). Semi-volatile organic emissions data are presented in Table 2. Substituted mono- 2