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► fire, explosion, or other emergencies; <br /> ► unsound disposal/treatment methods; or <br /> ► upset during transport. <br /> Pathways of Exposure <br /> Pathways of exposure to hazardous substances depend on the chemical and physical properties of the waste and <br /> the type of accident. The four common exposure pathways are inhalation, ingestion,direct contact(with skin or <br /> eyes), and injection(skin puncture or cut): <br /> ► Inhalation(breathing the hazardous substance) is the primary route of exposure for toxic fumes or vapors and <br /> is the primary exposure pathway at a distance. <br /> ► Ingestion(swallowing the hazardous substance)would not be expected to occur at an industrial facility unless <br /> persons practiced poor personal hygiene. Ingestion can also occur by eating contaminated crops or other <br /> foods, and by drinking contaminated water. <br /> ► Direct bodily contact requires immediate proximity to the hazardous solid or liquid. Skin or eye contact with <br /> hazardous fumes or vapors can also occur over a distance. <br /> ► Injection(puncturing the skin with a sharp, contaminated object)typically is a threat only to persons handling <br /> unpackaged or improperly packaged hazardous wastes. <br /> Factors that influence the health effects of exposure to hazardous material include the dose to which the person is <br /> exposed,the frequency of exposure,the exposure pathway, and individual susceptibility. A material may be <br /> hazardous by one exposure pathway but not another; for example, a chemical might be toxic if ingested but not if <br /> touched. <br /> Sensitive Receptors <br /> Extremely hazardous materials(i.e., chlorine and sulfur dioxide) are stored and used at the WQCF. The WQCF is <br /> surrounded by agricultural, industrial,and residential land uses. The nearest school is approximately 0.75 mile <br /> west of the site. The nearest residences are approximately 0.3 mile northeast of the facility and constitute the <br /> nearest sensitive receptors for hazardous materials stored and used on the site. <br /> REGULATORY SETTING <br /> Hazardous materials handling is subject to numerous laws and regulations at all levels of government. Table 4.6-2 <br /> lists the authority of federal, state, and local regulatory agencies that oversee hazardous materials handling and <br /> management. A summary of the most pertinent regulations is provided below. <br /> Federal and State Plans, Policies, Regulations, and Laws <br /> Hazardous Materials Management <br /> Federal and state laws require detailed planning to ensure that hazardous materials are properly handled,used, <br /> stored, and disposed of, and in the event that such materials are accidentally released,to prevent or to mitigate <br /> injury to health or the environment. The Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act <br /> (EPCRA) of 1986 imposes hazardous materials planning requirements to help protect local communities in the <br /> event of accidental release. <br /> EDAW Manteca WQCF and Collection System Master Plans EIR <br /> Hazards and Hazardous Materials 4.6-4 City of Manteca <br />