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Flies Nuisance flies have a life cycle comprised of an egg, three larval, a pupal, and an adult stage. Eggs are laid by a mature female fly onto a substrate that would be appropriate for the development of the young larvae. A single female can lay hundreds of eggs during her life. Nuisance fly larvae (grubs) are generally white in color and are blunt ended. They develop in wet substrates, especially dung pats and manure or wet/rotting feed, hay and bedding straw where they feed on food particles found on the substrate. It is important to note that fly larvae are not capable of developing in truly aqueous habitats— they need wet but not overly wet substrates. Within the confines of a pupal case, the developing fly will undergo further changes to become a winged adult fly which will eventually emerge from the pupal case and disperse from the site. The length of time required to complete the development from egg to adult is temperature dependent and may be as short as seven days during the summer months in California. Some nuisance flies are blood feeders and can inflict a painful bite while feeding on animals or humans. Blood feeding (or biting) flies include the stable fly and horn fly. Other flies do not bite (non-biting flies), instead feeding on body secretions or liquefied organic matter. Non-biting flies include the house fly, face fly, and garbage fly. Adult flies are generally active during daylight hours and inactive at night. Nuisance flies are known to disperse from their development sites into surrounding areas. However, the distance and direction of dispersal are not well understood. Non-biting nuisance fly species are likely to disperse further than those fly species that require animal blood meals. The habitat surrounding a breeding site will play a role in the distance of nuisance fly dispersal. Nuisance flies will likely disperse further in open habitats typical of rangeland and low agricultural crops than they will in urban or forested/orchard areas that contain substantially more vertical structure on which flies may rest and which provide shade and higher humidity on hot summer days. Most nuisance flies are not known to disperse great distances. Studies using marked house flies show that 60 percent to 80 percent of house flies were captured within one mile of their release point; 85 percent to 95 percent were caught within two miles of the release site within the first four days after they were turned loose. A few flies have been shown to travel further, but in general, fly control efforts for a community problem are focused within one mile of the source. Given the random movement of flies, control of fly development is the only effective means to prevent nuisance fly problems. Nuisance flies are limited by strict adherence to proper facility design and management considerations and by rapid correction of problem areas. While nuisance fly management is critical to fly control at any facility, it must also be understood that a zero oal of production of nuisance flies is unobtainable. At g even the most sanitary facilities,there will always be some small number of nuisance flies that manage to find an appropriate development site. Rodents The presence of quantities of organic feed can present a potential for significant populations of mice and rats. Rodents can be vectors for the transmission of diseases; they can spread or accelerate the spread of disease from contaminated areas via their droppings, feet, fur, urine, saliva, or blood. In addition, mice provide a food source that could attract wild predatory animals (e.g., skunks, foxes, coyotes, and stray dogs and cats),which could pose other disease problems. Findings of Fact—Section 15091 March 15,2016 H.M. Holloway Landfill Modification Project Final Board of Supervisors 35