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<br /> 72030 Federal Register Vol. 45, No. 212 Thursday, October 30,
<br /> 1980 Proposed Rules
<br /> .. " ..
<br /> acetate.(Huej er and Payne,11962; hexavalent
<br /> therefore have Iich very
<br /> sato tiens,im rice these are typically
<br /> tpC
<br /> a
<br /> Maltont,, 974 . h'
<br /> It is further agreed that only migratory potential. anaerobic environments.(Ham,1979.)
<br /> hexavalent chromium presently is Groundwater and leachate monitoring Monitoring data submitted in comments
<br /> known to pose a serious threat of data submitted by various leather likewise supports the conclusion that
<br /> mutagenicity.Chromuim compounds tanners appear to confirm the relative oxidation of trivalent chromium is
<br /> Induce chromosomal abberrations in immobility of trivalent chromium under unlikely when these wastes are land
<br /> human and animal l„gukocytes,and normally-occurring waste disposal disposed.(See Comments of Alley,
<br /> bacteria y (EPA, ( g s of 'Young&Baumgartner,Inc.,July 11,1980;
<br /> NakuPe illi anddeflo ad,1977,1978; . 9 o r 13nccill oofmAm{America,August 18, Comments of Salz Leathers,Inc.,July 14,
<br /> mutations
<br /> e
<br /> ro,1978.In these studies, Dr.Robert 1980,exh,B,)'
<br /> trivalent chromium compounds have a M.Lollar,Technical Director of Tanners' Given the relatively low toxicity of
<br /> weak response,while hexavalent Council.August 12,1980,pp.6-7.)In trivalent chromium,its low migratory
<br /> compounds show significantly higher addition,the Agency has obtained potential,and the lack of indication of
<br /> activity. groundwater and leachate monitoring potential for oxidation under usual land
<br /> Acute and chronic toxicity problems data from sites accepting large disposal conditions,the Agency does
<br /> associated with exposure to hexavalent quantities of tannery waste(which not believe that land disposal of
<br /> chromium Include penetrating skin wastes contain high concentrations of trivalent chromium-containing wastes in
<br /> Ulcers,perforation of the nasal septum, trivalent chrome),in some cases for long common landfill or impoundment
<br /> H lltlon o t „ l larynx,as well as periods of time(from 20 to 86 years). situations poses a present or potential
<br /> r kidney
<br /> la These sites show no evidence of ” hazard to human health or the
<br /> 1 t
<br /> s.
<br /> and
<br /> e to ,NAS,1974gNIOCSH,�ett c omium.con Comments of Berwick groundwater. therefore igration to'
<br /> x975;Bovett et al„1979. These effects oundwa believe it
<br /> do not occur upon exposure to Sewer District,June 30,1980;Comments necessary to recognize a distinction
<br /> chromium(III).The only well- of Irving Tanning Co.,July 15,1980.) between tri-and hexavalent chromium-
<br /> documented adverse consequence of Groundwater contamination did not containing wastes when land disposed.
<br /> exposure to trivalent chrome is allergic occur even in cases of prolonged worst- Our research indicates,however,that
<br /> dermatitis(also a property of case management of trivalent chromium- trivalent-chromium oxidizes to the
<br /> Hexavalent chromium
<br /> materials wastes(see
<br /> ( applications of 1980,Atitachment 1,pp.209-Seng August 15, containing
<br /> or similarly treated ohexavalent
<br /> Casarett and Douli,1979 Wolverine World Wide,Inc.,Au u are
<br /> 'Various direct a aced by a
<br /> trivalent chromium to humans are (improperly sited landfill with high destructive oxidation process.The
<br /> duallyconsidered
<br /> i um 1 be
<br /> desirable. water table and permeable soil co- incineration ash will certainly be
<br /> nr tic fundi"quired for disposingtannery wastes with other contaminated with chromium(VI)
<br /> proper metati ere t
<br /> oning.It serves industrial wastes without any particular (Comments of Tanners'Council of
<br /> as a cofactor for the action of insulin, precautions still does not show evidence America,supra,p.6),and we expect
<br /> and is necessary for normal glucose of trivalent chromium groundwater that hexavalent chromium will be
<br /> utilization tToepfer,et al.,1977).The contamination)). present in incinerator emissions as well
<br /> p Good nid th i Adm in Administration
<br /> also has C.Potential of Trivalent Chromium to (U.S.Dept.of the Interior,1979).As a
<br /> Food and Drug Administratio
<br /> pp chromium- result,we believe that chromium-
<br /> containing pigments tics (21 Oxidize to Hexavalent Chromium bearing wastes(i.e.,wastes containing
<br /> CFR 73.2326 and 73.2327.)No such In developing the present regulatory both valence types)continue to require
<br /> applications of hexavalent chrome have regime based upon total chromium,the Subtitle C regulation when managed by
<br /> been approved,nor are they considered Agency was aware of the differing incineration or similar processes.Our
<br /> to be beneficial. potentials for hazard of tri-and contemplated regulatory approach for
<br /> Thus,at the present time,there are hexavent chromium,and also of their these wastes is described in Part II.C
<br /> well-recognized distinctions between differing migratory potentials.Our below.
<br /> the human health and environmental concern was that trivalent chromium,
<br /> hazards posed by tri-and hexavalent under waste management conditions, D.Impact of the Proposed Distinction
<br /> chromium, could oxidize to the hexavalent form, On Other Regulatory Programs
<br /> ° rte#o Potentials of Triv Which would rete it highly mobile and We note,at this point,that certain
<br /> B.�3 f
<br /> try rF. olent and toxic.(See,e.g.,U.S.EPA,Listing other of the Agency's regulatory
<br /> 11exavalent Chromium Background Document for Leather programs regulate on the basis of total
<br /> Trivalent chromium appears to have Tanning and Finishing Industry,pp.733- chromium.Our porposed action involves
<br /> significantly lower migratory potential 34,May 2,1980.)Further analysis only the hazardous waste management
<br /> than hexavalent chromium,and to have indicates,however,that such oxidation program,and is based on a perceived
<br /> significantly less mobility should it is not likely to occur under most waste distinction in the substantiality of
<br /> migrate from a waste matrix.Most management practices.Although the hazard posed by tri-and hexavalent
<br /> trivalent chromium salts are virtually oxidation of trivalent chromium can chromium-containing wastes when
<br /> Insoluble.Trivalent chromium, occur on a theoretical basis(Carlin, disposed on land.
<br /> moreover,is strongly adsorbed by clays 1965;U,S.EPA,1977),oxidation is Different considerations underly the .
<br /> and by organic soil material's(U.S.EPA, unlikely to occur•in normal land Agency's other programs.For example,
<br /> 1978,Bartlett.1976;and Griffin,1979), disposal situations.Thus,oxidation does
<br /> decreasing the possibility of exposure not take place except under alkaline and 'Ultraviolet light-sensitized oxidation of trivalent
<br /> via a groundwater exposure pathway aerobic conditions(Robertson,1975). chromium has been demonstrated under laboratory
<br /> even If migration occurs.In contrast, Even then,the rate of oxidation is very conditions(Stephens,1977).This oxidation did not
<br /> eunless manganese dioxide'is take place,however,when lake water was tested.
<br /> swsttpti4lt to u tic species
<br /> form of ee more
<br /> present(Schroeder e any case,l c do not believe that these
<br /> W
<br /> Various � p i r ( er and Lee,1975].These experimental conditions reflect those normally
<br /> tato conditions are not ordinarilyfound in occurring in a waste disposal environment.
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