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11-3 SINGLE-PASS (INTERMITTENT) PACKED-BED FILTERS 715 TABLE 11-1 Historical use of intermittent sand filters` Loading Filter Effective 1 Location rate, depth, sand size, (Massachusetts) Year started' gaUft2.d in mm ?retreatment Andover 1902 0.8 48-00 0.15-0.2 Septic tank Concord 1899, 1.9 0.10-0.24 None Farmington 1890 1.3 70 0.06-0.12 None Gardner 1891 2.8 60 0.12-0.18 Settling tank Marlborough 1891 1.7 55-70 0.14-0.15 Settling tank Pittsfield 1901 2.3 48 0.154.18 Solids separation Spencer 1897 1.4 48 0.18-0.34 None + Stockbridge' 1899 0.5 36-55 0.17-0.27 None 'Adapted in part from Mane and Peeples(1991). t All systems reported in operation in the 1937 survey. i 0.76 m) (Grantham et al., 1949).In the 1970s and 1980s the use of ISF for individual increased, with the work done at the University y of Wisconsin and the state of Oregon leading the way. Additional details on the design and application of ISFs may be found in Anderson et al. (1986),Boyle et al. (1981), Grantham et al. (1949), Sauer et al. (1976), and U.S. EPA (1980)_ Typical Modern Intermittent Sand Filter k A typical example of a modem TSF system is shown in Fig. 11-9. Perhaps the most important difference between the filter shown in Fig. 11-9 and the filters used by Frankland and at the Lawrence,Massachusetts,experimental station is that the mod- ern filter is designed to operate without the formation of a surface-clogging layer of material. The application of the wastewater to be treated in multiple small doses is also different. Other features found in the modern embodiment of the old concept include a dosing manifold, with small orifices facing upward,that can be flushed;an optional air line that can be used to introduce air into the bottom of the filter; and a- programmable electrical control panel. z - i Types of Applications The principal applications for intermittent sand filters include treating septic tank effluent, polishing and nitrifying secondary effluents, and treating facultative pond . effluent. The use of ISF systems to treat wastewater prior to irrigation without•chlo- rine disinfection has also been reported (Hathaway and Mitchell,,1984; Scherer and Mitchell, 1982; and Mote et al., 1991). Individual systems.' Intermittent sand filters are used primarily for individual' single family residences, but have been used for clusters of homes They appear to r {