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San Joaquin County Environmental Checklist • The Pacheco Complex (4600-1600 B.P.)is characterized by foliate bifaces, rectangular shell ornaments, flexed burials,and thick rectangular Olivella beads. Sites attributed to Pacheco Complex exhibit spire-ground Olivella beads, perforated canine teeth,bone awls,whistles,grass saws, large-stemmed and side- notched points, flexed burials,millingstones,mortars, and pestles. Domestic structure remnants attributed to the Pacheco Complex were probably circular in outline and 10-12 feet in diameter(Mikkelsen and Hildebrandt 1990; Olsen and Payen 1969). The Gonzaga Complex(1600-1000 B.P.)is characterized by extended and flexed burials,bowl mortars,shaped pestles,squared-and tapered-stem points,few bone awls,distinctive shell ornaments,and thin,rectangular,split-punched and oval Olivella beads(Mikkelsen and Hildebrandt 1990;Olsen and Payen 1969). Projectile points are rare in comparison to the Pacheco Complex and were made predominantly from silicate stones. Archaeologists have reported a few fragmentary serrated projectile points fashioned from obsidian. Architectural features from the Gonzaga Complex are larger than those reported from earlier complexes. Archaeologists hypothesize that the Gonzaga Complex marks the arrival of the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley(Mikkelsen and Hildebrandt 1990). The Panoche Complex(400-200 B.P.)is recognized by large circular structures (pits), flexed burials and primary and secondary cremations,varied mortars and pestles,bone awls,whistles,small side-notched points,clamshell disk beads,and other bead types. The Panoche Complex appears to represent Yokuts occupation • of the valley(Mikkelsen and Hildebrandt 1990;Olsen and Payen 1969). Ethnographic Context Except where otherwise noted,this section is summarized from Wallace 1978. The region was aboriginally inhabited by the Northern Valley Yokuts,whose territory is defined roughly by the crest of the Diablo Range on the west and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada on the east. The southern boundary is approximately where the San Joaquin River bends northward,and the northern boundary is roughly halfway between the Calaveras and Mokelumne Rivers. The Yokuts may have been fairly recent arrivals in the San Joaquin Valley,perhaps being pushed out of the foothills about 500 years ago. Population estimates for the Northern Valley Yokuts vary from 11,000 to more than 31,000 individuals. Populations were concentrated along waterways and on the more hospitable east side of the San Joaquin River. Villages,or clusters of villages, made up"miniature tribes"(tribelets)that were led by headmen. The number of tribelets is estimated at 30 to 40;each tribe spoke its own dialect of the Yokuts language. Combined with the Southern Valley Yokuts and the Foothill Yokuts dialects,these tongues formed the Yokutsan linguistic family of the Penutian Stock(Shipley 1978). • Notice of Preparation for the June 2006 North County Recycling Center and Sanitary Landfill 2-32 Permit Revision J8S 06307.06