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A I (ANN f PIP - CARBOR IRAN http://ace.orst.edu/cgi-bin/mt'-/O I /pipsicarbofur. ht m • Acute toxicity: Carbofuran is highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion and moderately toxic by dermal absorption [5]. As with other carbamate compounds, carbofuran's cholinesterase -inhibiting effect is short-term and reversible [5]. Symptoms of carbofuran poisoning include: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, weakness, imbalance, blurring of vision, breathing difficulty, increased blood pressure, and incontinence. Death may result at high doses from respiratory system failure associated with carbofuran exposure [5]. Complete recovery from an acute poisoning by carbofuran, with no long-term health effects, is possible if exposure ceases and the victim has time to regain their normal level of cholinesterase and to recover from symptoms [5]. The oral LD50 is 5 to 13 mg/kg in rats, 2 mg/kg in mice, and 19 mg/kg in dogs. The dermal LD50 is >1000 mg/kg in rabbits, [5]. The LC50 (4 -hour) for inhalation of carbofuran is 0.043 to 0.053 mg/L in guinea pigs [101. • Chronic toxicity: Rats given very high doses (5 mg/kg/day) for two years showed decreases in weight. Similar tests with mice gave the same results [5]. Prolonged or repeated exposure to carbofuran may cause the same effects as an acute exposure [5]. • Reproductive effects: Consuming high doses over long periods of time caused damage to testes in dogs, but carbofuran did not have any reproductive effects on rats or mice [5]. Available studies indicate carbofuran is unlikely to cause reproductive effects in humans at expected exposure levels. • Teratogenic effects: Studies indicate carbofuran is not teratogenic. No significant teratogenic effects have been found in offspring of rats given carbofuran (3 mg/kg/day) on days 5 to 19 of gestation. No effects were found in offspring of mice given as much as 1 mg/kg/day throughout gestation. In rabbits, up to 1 mg/kg/day on days 6 to 18 of gestation was not teratogenic [5]. • Mutagenic effects: Weak or no mutagenic effects have been reported in animals and bacteria. Carbofuran is most likely nonmutagenic [5]. 1 • Carcinogenic effects: Data from animal studies indicate that carbofuran does not pose a risk of cancer to humans [5]. • Organ toxicity: Carbofuran causes cholinesterase inhibition in both humans and animals, affecting nervous system function. • Fate in humans and animals: Carbofuran is poorly absorbed through the skin [32]. It is metabolized in the liver and eventually excreted in the urine. The half-life in the body is from 6 to 12 hours. Less than I% of a dose will be excreted in a mother's milk. It does not accumulate in tissue [5]. Ecological Effects: Effects on birds: Carbofuran is highly toxic to birds. One granule is sufficient to kill a small bird. Bird kills have occurred when birds ingested carbofuran granules, which resemble grain seeds in size and shape, or when predatory or scavenging birds have ingested small birds or mammals that have eaten carbofuran pellets [33]. Red -shouldered hawks have been poisoned after eating prey from carbofuran-treated fields [17]. The LD50 is 0.238 mg/kg in fulvous ducks, 0.48 to 0.51 mg/kg in mallard ducks, 12 mg/kg in bobwhite quail, and 4.15 mg/kg in pheasant [ 17]. The LD50 is 25 to 39 mg/kg in chickens consuming carbofuran as a powder [10]. The LC50 (96 -hour) in Japanese quail is 746 ppm [34]. Effects on aquatic organisms: Carbofuran is highly toxic to many fish. The LD50 (96 -hour) is 0.38 mg/L in rainbow trout and 0.24 mg/L in bluegill sunfish [10]. The compound has a low potential to accumulate in aquatic organisms. The bioconcentration factor ranges from 10 in snails to over 100 in fish [14]. Effects on other organisms: CArbofuran is toxic to bees except in the granular formulation [10]. ol'4 . ;/I2 00,:o; PN1