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<br /> other states and to the federal effort to or organic decay of wastes,or by loss of ford proper closure and post-closure
<br /> regulate landfills.The main conclusions liquids from landfill drums--can result maintenance for 30 years. What It
<br /> from that experience: in cracks in clay or tears in membrane pens to this fund if a facility fails an
<br /> • (1) Synthetic liners are prone to liners, or result in ponding on the sur- has to be closed early? The fund wili.
<br /> problems (5,7,14,22 p. 11128, 23 p. face,which can make a clay cap mushy not build up and will not be';available'
<br /> 58989, 25); but clay also has problems or can subject the cap to freeze-thaw for closure or pose-closure mainw'.
<br /> (1,6,8,12,17). pressures; nance. EPA acknowledges that'this is&'
<br /> • (2) Leachate' collection system's • (f) Human activities of many kinds. problem (21 p.28 24)but offers no Will.',
<br /> (ipes
<br /> nly work so long as someone is keeping Contingency plans needed tion. Clearly this will be an inducement
<br /> he pumps going and preventing the for a regulatory agency to allow inadoa
<br /> from clogging (18,24, p. 28324, EPA calls for a contingency plan for quate facilities to continue operating so
<br /> 22 p. 11128). all failures,including"non-sudden"oc- that they can build up the closure and
<br /> • (3) Covers are vulnerable to attack currences (20, p. 33237). The plan ost-closure funds. To solve.this prob••
<br /> (10,15,16) from at least six sources: must be kept up to date and must spell lem, the closure and post-closure funds
<br /> • (a) Erosion by natural weathering out who is to do what in the event of any could be required in toto before the
<br /> (rain, hail, snow, freeze-thaw cycles, problems. Two key elements, however, acility begins operation. 0
<br /> and wind). have been omitted from these federal
<br /> • (b) Vegetation, such as shrubs and , regulations:
<br /> trees that continually complete with • (1) There is no requirement that Peter Montague has beta
<br /> grasses for available space, sending waste generators must have crnative studying landfills for radio-
<br /> down roots that will relentlessly seek to sites to which they can take thei }- active and chemical waste
<br /> ° ;` , for the past five years.He u
<br /> penetrate the cover;. wastes. In New Jersey, the regulatory co-author(with his wife)of
<br /> • (e)Burrowing or soil-dwelling mam- agency has acknowledged pressures in l+ two books on toxic heavy'
<br /> mals, reptiles,. and insects, which will the past not to close sites that are con- metals,and is one of the edi-
<br /> present constant threats to the integrity laminating t e environment ecause tors of New Jersey Ha:aid-
<br /> ous Waste News. with his
<br /> of the cover; t e sites are nee a —generators say it wire, he has co-founded two
<br /> • (d)Sunlight(if any of these other nat- t ave no of er p ace to take their " non-profit research organize-
<br /> ural agents should succeed in uncover- wastes. This compromises the re ulato- tions—southwest Research.
<br /> in a portion of the umbrella will dr r agency, erne in its ere t I t1` and Information Center in
<br /> g p° ) y yg g y' Albuquerque, NM, and the
<br /> out clay(permitting cracks to develop), • e era regu atlons require a Environmental Research
<br /> or destroy membrane liners through the closure fund and a post-closure mainte Foundation in Lawrencovine,
<br /> action of ultraviolet radiation; nance fund—money set aside during NJ—to bring legal,scientific,
<br /> ® and engineering information'
<br /> (e) Subsidence—an uneven slumping the operating life of the facility to to bear on public policyprob
<br /> of the cap caused by settling of wastes assure that the owner/operator can af- lems.
<br /> References mental Studies,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, DC. 1980
<br /> ® L Anderson, David, Brown, K.W., and Green, May. 1982. • 19 US Environmental Protection Agency, "40
<br /> Jan. "Effect of Organic Fluids on the Permeability of • 10 Lulton Richard J, "Selection of Cover For CFR Part 2641SW FRL 1626-41 Standards 'a=7
<br /> Clay Sod Liners," Land Disposal of Hazardous Solid Waste,"Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, ble to Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste
<br /> Waste,Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Research Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Research Sympo- Treatment.Storage and Disposal Facilities.-F
<br /> Symposium CEPA-600/9-82-0021. U.S. Government sium CEPA-600/9.78-0161 US.Government Printing al Register, October 6, 1980,p. 66816.
<br /> Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982, pp. 179- Office, Washington,DC, 1979,pp. 319-325
<br /> 20, US Enviionmentat ProlecPion Agency, "hfaz• '
<br /> 190. //• 11. Montague, Peter, Four Secure Landfills in ardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regutia-
<br /> 0 2. Anderson,David,and Brown, K.W, "Organic (New Jersey—A Study of the State of the Art in Shat tions,-Federal Register, Vol. 45,No. 98,May 19,
<br /> Leachate Effects on the Permeability of Clay lin- low Burial Waste Disposal Technology 1PUiCEES 1980,pp. 33066.33586.
<br /> ers,"Land Disposal: Hazardous Waste, Proceed- 1351, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, • 21. U S Environmental Protection Agency, "Rat-
<br /> ings of the Seventh Annual Research Symposium Princeton University.Princeton,NJ 08544. ardous Waste Management System; Addition of r
<br /> CEPA-60019-81-002b1,U.S.Government Printing Of- • 12. Morrison, Allen, "Can Clay Liners Prevent General Requirements for Treatment, Storage ad'1l
<br /> fice, Washington,OC, 1981,pp. 119-130. Migration of Toxic Leachate?" Civil Engineering/ Disposal Facilities(40 CFR Part 264);Amendment
<br /> • 3. Farb,Donald G.,Upgrading Hazardous waste ASCE.July, 198.1,pp. 60.63. of Interim Status Standards Respecting Closure and
<br /> Disposal Sites iSW-6771, U.S. Government Printing • 13. Ricci,Rocco,and others Report of the Haz- Post-Closure Care and Financial Responsibility(40
<br /> Office, Washington,DC, 1978. ardous Waste Advisory Commission to Governor CFR Part 265):and Conforming Amendments to f1M'
<br /> • 4. Fields, Timothy. Jr., and Lindsey, Alfred W, Brendan Byrne,New Jersey Department of Environ- Permitting Requirements(40 CFR Part 122),Federal
<br /> Landfill Disposal of Hazardous Wastes:A Review of mental Protection, Trenton, NJ Jan, 1980. Register, Vol. 46. No. 7, January 12, 1981, pp.
<br /> Literature and Known Approaches iSW-1`651, U.S. • f4. Shultz,David W, and Miklas,Michael P,Jr, 2802-2897,
<br /> Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, "Procedures for Installing Liner Systems,-Land D s- • 22 U S.Environmental Protection Agency, "Hez
<br /> 1975. posal of Hazardous Waste. Proceedings of the ardous Waste Management Syslem;Standards Ap-
<br /> • 5, Geswein, Allen J., Liners For Land Disposal Eighth Annual Research Symposium CEPA-600/9- pacable to Owners and Operators of Treatment,.;:
<br /> Sites(EPA/5301SW-1371, U.S. Government Printing 82-0021, US. Government Printing Office, Washing- Storage. and Disposal Facilities; and Permit Pro-
<br /> Office, Washington,OC, 1975. ton,DC,March, 1981,pp. 224.238. gram,"Federal Register, Vol. 46, No 24, Feb.5,''
<br /> • 6. Green, William J.Lee, G.Fred,and Jones,R. B 15. Skinner, Peter N, "Facing The Chemical 1981,pp 11126.11177
<br /> Anne, °'Clay-Soils Permeability and Hazardous Waste Disposal Dilemma The Newco Administrative • 23 US Environmental Protection Agency, •'Haz
<br /> Waste Disposal," Journal of the Water Pollution Proceeding," Capital University Law Review, Vol- ardous Waste—Proposed Guidelines and Re
<br /> Control Federation Vol.53,No.8,August, 1981,pp ume 9.Number 3, Spring, 1980,pp. 547-566 tions and Proposal on Identification and Listing"
<br /> 1347-1354. • 16 Skinner, Peter, "Performance Difficulties of Federal Register, Vol. 43, No. 243, December f8,
<br /> • 7. Haxo, H.E., Jr., "Durability of Liner Materials 'Secure'Landfills for Chemical Waste and Available 1978,pp 58946-59028.
<br /> for Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities,"Land Dis- Mitigation Measures,-The Hazardous Waste Dilem- • 24 U S Environmental Protection Agency, "Stan
<br /> posal: Hazardous Waste, Proceedings of the Sev- ma Issues and Solutions,American Society of Civil dards Applicable to Owners and Operators of Haz
<br /> enth Annual Research Symposium CEPA-600/9-81- Engineers,New York, 1981_ - ardous Waste Treatment. sill saf
<br /> 002b1,U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, • 17. Stewart, Wilford, State-of-the-Art Study of Facilities," Federal Re ster May 26, 1981,
<br /> DC, 1981,pp. 140-156. Land Impoundment Techniques CEPA-600/2-78- 28314-28328
<br /> • 8. Josephson, Julian, "Hazardous Waste Land- 1961. US Government Printing Office, Washington, • 25 Ware,Sylvia A.,and Jac son, S.,Lin-
<br /> fills,"Environmental Science 8 Technology, Volume DC, 1979. ers For Sanitary landfills and Chemical and Hazard.
<br /> 15.Number 3,March, 1981,pp. 250-253. • 18. Tolman, Andrew L, Bellestero, Antonio P. ous Waste Disposal Sites 1EPA-600/9-78-OOSi,U.S.'
<br /> • 9. Kruger, Anne Longsworth, Industrial Wastes: Jr,and others,Guidance Manual for Minimizing Pol- Government Printing Office, Washington, OQ
<br /> Generation and Disposition in New Jersey/Working lution From Waste Disposal Sites CEPA-600/2-78- 1978.
<br /> Paper No. HW-11 Center for Energy and Environ- 1421, U.S. Government Printing office, Washington,
<br /> 56 Civil Engineering-ASCE September 1982
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