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LLNL Emergency Plan Rev-22 January 2017 83 8 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS AND REENTRY The Laboratory has procedural actions for protection of onsite personnel and recommendations to offsite agencies in the event of an Operational Emergency. Protective Action Criteria are levels of hazardous material that, if observed or predicted, indicate action is needed to prevent or limit exposure to the hazard. These actions are noted on the EALs and Protective Action Sheets that have been developed for each EPHA facility at LLNL. The ACFD IC will direct initial protective measures based on the initial size-up, information provided to him/her, and applicable Protective Action Sheets. The EMDO will then verify that the initial protective measures are consistent with the protective actions contained in the applicable EAL. If the EAL indicates that a hazardous material plume may extend beyond the site boundary or that Protective Action Criteria may be exceeded offsite, the EMDO will make protective action recommendations to the ACFD IC and to offsite agencies through Emergency Programs Organization plans/procedures for emergency notifications. Protective actions for the offsite public may be ordered only by public officials or their designees (e.g., ACFD, LPD); the EMDO/ED will make recommendations only. 8.1 Protective Action Criteria 8.1.1 Protective Action Guides (Radiological) The Protective Action Criteria for radiological materials are contained in the EPA’s Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents, EPA 400-R-92-001 (May 1992). The PAG is the value that is used to classify Operational Emergencies and to initiate appropriate protective actions. The PAG is defined in EPA 400-R-92-001 as the projected 50-year total effective dose equivalent from exposure and intake during the early phase of the event. The total effective dose equivalent is calculated as the sum of the effective dose equivalent from external source exposure and the committed effective dose equivalent from inhalation during the early phase of the event. Consistent with Table 2-1 of EPA 400-R-92-001, a PAG of one to five rems is typically assumed. At LLNL, the lowest value, one rem, is used for doses resulting from direct radiation or the uptake of materials that have a physical or biological half-life that is short compared to fifty years (for example, tritium). Five rem is used for doses resulting from the uptake of long half-life materials (for example, plutonium). The value used for the threshold for early lethality for a radiological release is a projected total effective dose equivalent of 100 rem. The intent is to approximate the dose at which sensitive groups within any large population would begin to show an increase in mortality. Postulated radiological release scenarios and the PAGs used are described in the EPHAs.