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LLNL Emergency Plan Rev-23 October 2017 18 Although LLNL’s Site 200 and Site 300 are somewhat removed from the largest and most active earthquake faults in California, both sites are located close to lesser active and potentially active faults. The most important of these are the Calaveras and Greenville faults. The Carnegie-Corral Hollow Fault system passes through Site 300 and 3 km east of Site 200. Additional information regarding earthquake potential is discussed in Section 1.4.2.5 below. 1.4.2.3 Population Distribution Following are population density data for areas within the LLNL’s Sites 200 and 300 EPZs, gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau and based on 2010 survey information: • Alameda County, CA, 1.5 million; 2,000 people per square mile • San Joaquin County, CA, 685,000; 493 people per square mile • Livermore, CA, population 81,000; 3,200 people per square mile • Tracy, CA, population 83,000; 3,745 people per square mile 1.4.2.4 Meteorology The average wind speed in 2015 at Site 200 was 2.2 m/s (4.9 mph); at Site 300 it was 5.6 m/s (12.5 mph), based on data from the LLNL Environmental Report for 2015, Table 1-1, dated October 1, 2016. 1.4.2.5 Natural Phenomena Tornadoes/High Winds Tornadoes and high winds are not major concerns for emergency planners at LLNL because they are rare events and historically have not caused significant damage in Alameda or San Joaquin County. Since 1950, only three tornadoes have been recorded in Alameda County, CA, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center Storm Events Database, all of which were rated as F0 tornadoes on the Fujita Scale. In San Joaquin County, where Site 300 is located, 18 tornadoes have been recorded since 1950, fourteen of which were F0, two of which were F1, and two of which had an unknown ranking on the Fujita Scale. The Fujita Scale (F-Scale), or Fujita–Pearson Scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation, where F0 represents light damage, F1 moderate damage, F2 considerable damage, F3 severe damage, F4 devastating damage, and F5 incredible damage. Earthquakes A major earthquake is a credible disaster caused by a natural phenomenon that is likely to involve the entire Laboratory and the entire surrounding community. Hazard mitigation at LLNL is achieved by complying with building codes, applying good engineering and housekeeping practices, and providing training programs required for managers and workers. LLNL’s approach to responding to a severe event is discussed in Section 1.3.3 of this Emergency Plan.