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2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1604 b. Keep petroleum liquids away from eyes, skin, and precautions must be taken to: (a) eliminate all potential is mouth; they can be harmful or fatal if inhaled,absorbed sources of ignition from the area(for example, smoking through the skin, or ingested. materials, nonexplosion-proof electrical and internal c. Use soap and water or waterless hand cleaner to combustion equipment), (b) prevent the discharge of remove any petroleum product that contacts skin. Do static electricity during venting of flammable vapors, not use gasoline or similar solvents to remove oil and and Refer to APIrevent ePubli atilon 2015 and Recommended ation of vapors at ground grease from skin. d. Promptly wash petroleum-soaked clothes and avoid Practice 2003 for general precautionary measures to using soaked leather goods. Properly dispose of rags. follow during the vapor-freeing procedure. e. Keep work areas clean and well ventilated. 1,3,2,2 A combustible gas indicator (CGI) should be f. Clean up spills promptly. used to check for hazardous vapor concentrations (see 4.3). All open flame and spark-producing equipment 1.3.1.1 Benzene within the vapor hazard area should be shut down. Elec- High occupational exposures to benzene have been trical equipment (for example, pumps and portable associated with various human blood disorders, in- hand tools) used in the area must be explosion-proof in eluding an increased risk of leukemia. Very high levels accordance with NFPA 70B Class I, Division I, Group have also been known to affect the central nervous D or otherwise approved for use in potentially explosive system. Benzene administered by mouth has induced atmospheres. cancer in laboratory animals in long-term tests. Benzene is rapidly absorbed through the skin. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1.4 Referenced Publications (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) for benzene is Portions of the following documents contain infor- I-part-per-million time-weighted average, with a short mation regarding various engineering and safety pro- term exposure limit of 25 parts-per-million (the latter is cedures that may be applicable to underground storage designated for deletion in 1986 or 1987). The Occupa- tank removal or disposal. tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 8-hour time-weighted average for benzene is 10 parts- per-million with an acceptable ceiling concentration of API Underground Spill Cleanup Manual Bull 162 25 parts-per-million and an acceptable peak of 50 parts- Bu 1162 Interior Lining of Underground Stor- per-million for 10 minutes (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table age Tanks Z-2). OSHA conducted a rulemaking in 1986 with the RP 2003 protection Against Ignitions Arising intent to revise this standard.The latest OSHA Occupa- Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray tional Safety and Health Standards should be consulted Currents to determine the current TLV. Publ 2015 Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks 1.3.1.2 Tetraethyl Lead Publ 2015A A Guide for Controlling the Lead Hazard Associated with Tank Entry This organic form of lead can cause diseases of the and Cleaning (Supplement to API central and peripheral nervous system, the kidney and Publ 2015) the blood. Skin absorption of this compound is a major Publ 2217 Guidelines for Confined Space Work route of entry into the body.The ACGIH time-weighted in the Petroleum industry average is 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter for general Publ 2219 Safe Operating Guidelines for Vacu- room air.The TLV in OSHA's Occupational Safety and um Trucks in Petroleum Service Health Standards (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1) is 0.075 milligrams per cubic meter. NFPAI 1.3.2 FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTIBILITY 327 Standard Procedure for Cleaning or CONSIDERATIONS Safeguarding Small Tanks and Con- tainers 1.3.2.1 Flammable or combustible vapors are likely to 70B Electrical Equipment Maintenance be present in the work area. The concentration of vapors in the tank, the excavation,or the work area may reach the flammable (explosive) range before venting is 'National Fire Protection Association, Barcrymarch Park, Quincy, completed and a safe atmosphere is reached.Therefore, Massachusetts 07.269.