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0 0 <br />2 - API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1604 <br />b. Keep petroleum liquids away from eyes, skin, and <br />mouth; they can be harmful or fatal if inhaled, absorbed <br />through the skin, or ingested. <br />c. Use soap and water or waterless hand cleaner to <br />remove any petroleum product that contacts skin. Do <br />not use gasoline or similar solvents to remove oil and <br />grease from skin. <br />d. Promptly wash petroleum -soaked clothes and avoid <br />using soaked leather goods. Properly dispose of rags. <br />e. Keep work areas clean and well ventilated. <br />f. Clean up spills promptly. <br />1.3.1.1 Benzene <br />High occupational exposures to benzene have been <br />associated with various human blood disorders, in- <br />cluding an increased risk of leukemia. Very high levels <br />have also been known to affect the central nervous <br />system. Benzene administered by mouth has induced <br />cancer in laboratory animals in long-term tests. Benzene <br />is rapidly absorbed through the skin. The American <br />Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists <br />(ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) for benzene is <br />1 -part -per -million time -weighted average, with a short <br />term exposure limit of 25 pans -per -million (the latter is <br />designated for deletion in 1986 or 1987). The Occupa- <br />tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) <br />8 -hour time -weighted average for benzene is 10 parts - <br />per -million with an acceptable ceiling concentration of <br />25 parts -per -million and an acceptable peak of 50 parts - <br />per -million for 10 minutes (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table <br />Z-2). OSHA conducted a rulemaking in 1986 with the <br />intent to revise this standard. The latest OSHA Occupa- <br />tional Safety and Health Standards should be consulted <br />to determine the current TLV. <br />1.3.1.2 Tetraethyl Lead <br />This organic form of lead can cause diseases of the <br />central and peripheral nervous system, the kidney and <br />the blood. Skin absorption of this compound is a major <br />route of entry into the body. The ACGIH time -weighted <br />average is 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter for general <br />room air. The TLV in OSHA's Occupational Safety and <br />Health Standards (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1) is <br />0.075 milligrams per cubic meter. <br />1.3.2 FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTIBILITY <br />CONSIDERATIONS <br />1.3.2.1 Flammable or combustible vapors are likely to <br />be present in the work area. The concentration of <br />vapors in the tank, the excavation, or the work area may <br />reach the flammable (explosive) range before venting is <br />completed and a safe atmosphere is reached. Therefore, <br />precautions must be taken to: (a) eliminate all potential <br />sources of ignition from the area (for example, smoking <br />materials, nonexplosion-proof electrical and internal <br />combustion equipment), (b) prevent the discharge of <br />static electricity during venting of flammable vapors, <br />and (c) prevent the accumulation of vapors at ground <br />level. Refer to API Publication 2015 and Recommended <br />Practice 2003 for general precautionary measures to <br />follow during the vapor -freeing procedure. <br />1.3.2.2 A combustible gas indicator (CGI) should be <br />:used to check for hazardous vapor concentrations (see <br />4.3). All open flame and spark -producing equipment <br />within the vapor hazard area should be shut down. Elec- <br />trical equipment (for example, pumps and portable <br />hand tools) used in the area must be explosion -proof in <br />accordance with NFPA 70B Class 1, Division 1, Group <br />D or otherwise approved for use in potentially explosive <br />atmospheres. <br />1.4 Referenced Publicatlons <br />Portions of the following documents contain infor- <br />mation regarding various engineering and safety pro- <br />cedures that may be applicable to underground storage <br />tank removal or disposal. <br />API <br />Bull 1628 <br />Underground Spill Cleanup Manual <br />RP 1631 <br />Interior Lining of Underground Stor- <br />age Tanks <br />RP 2003 <br />Protection Against Ignitions Arising <br />Out of Static. Lightning, and Stray <br />Currents - <br />Publ 2015 <br />Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks <br />Pub[ 2015A <br />A Guide for Controlling the Lead <br />Hazard Associated with Tank Entry <br />and Cleaning (Supplement to API <br />Publ 2015) <br />Publ 2217 <br />Guidelines for Confined Space work <br />in the Petroleum Industry <br />Publ 2219 <br />Safe Operating Guidelines for Vacu- <br />um Trucks in Petroleum Service <br />NFPA1 <br />327 Standard Procedure for Cleaning or <br />Safeguarding Small Tanks and Con- <br />tainers <br />70B Electrical Equipment Maintenance <br />'National Fre Protection Association, Batteryn arch Park, Quincy, <br />Musachusetts 02269. <br />U <br />