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Density @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C
<br /> Odor
<br /> Threshold 2.14 ppm(8 mg/cu m).Odor recognition level is reported as 1.03 to 140 ug/cu in. Odor in air= 1:30x10 11 mol/cu cm
<br /> centration
<br /> rToluene is released into the atmosphere principally from the volatilization of petroleum fuels and toluene-based solvents
<br /> and thinners and from motor vehicle exhaust Considerable amounts are discharged into waterways or spilled on land
<br /> during the storage,transport and disposal of fuels and oils.If toluene is released to soil,it will be lost by evaporation from
<br /> near-surface soil and by leaching to the groundwater.Biodegradation occurs both in soil and groundwater,but it is apt to
<br /> be slow especially at high concentrations;which may be toxic to microorganisms.The presence of acclimated microbial.
<br /> Egrvironmental populations may allow rapid biodegradation.It will not significantly hydrolyze in soil or water under normal
<br /> Impact environmental conditions.If toluene is released into water,its conn will decrease due to evaporation and biodegradation.
<br /> This removal can be rapid or take several weeks,depending on temperature, mixing conditions, and acclimation of
<br /> microorganisms.It will not significantly adsorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisnos.'If toluene is released
<br /> to the atmosphere,it will degrade by reaction with pbotochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life 3 hr to slightly
<br /> over I day)or be washed out in rain.It will not be subject to direct p4otolysis.The primary source of human exposure is
<br /> from inhalation of contaminated ambient air,especially in traffic or near filling stations, or in occupational atmospheres
<br /> where toluene-based solvents are used.
<br /> TERRESTRIAL PATE:If toluene is released to soil,it will be lost by evaporation from near surface soil and microbial
<br /> degradation.In one study,94%of the chemical added to a clay loam was lost by these processes . Since it is relatively
<br /> mobile in soil,it is possible that it will get into the groundwater and remain there where microbial degradation will not
<br /> occur.AQUATIC FATE:When released into water,toluene will be lost by both volatilization to the atmosphere and
<br /> Environmental biodegradation.The predominant process will depend on'water temperature, mixing conditions and the existence of
<br /> ate acclimated microorganisms at the site.The half-life will range from days to several weeks!It will not significantly
<br /> hydrolyze,directly photolyte,adsorb to sediment or bi' oncentrate in aquatic organisms.ATMOSPHERIC PATE:If
<br /> toluene is released to the atmosphere,it will exist predominatly in the vapor phase.It degrades moderately rapidly by
<br /> reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals.Its half-life ranges from 3 brs to somewhat over a day(3,4).It
<br /> .... is very effectively washed out by rain(1,2).It will not be subject to direct photolysis in sunlight, although a complex of
<br /> toluene with molecular oxygen has been shown to absorb light at wavelengths>290 nm(6).
<br /> DRINKING WATER:30 Canadian treatment facilities,2 ppb avg, 14 ppb max,331%,pos in summer;�I ppb avg, 13 ppb
<br /> max,53%pos in winter. 12 Great Lakes municipalities 0-2 ppb,5 cities'supplies pos. 17 USA drinking waters<1
<br /> parts/trillion, 14 pos.In a federal survey of finished drinking water from groundwater sources C5%occurrence.3 New
<br /> Orleans area water supplies 0-10 ppb.National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 60%occurrence(6).Max conch in
<br /> tapwater derived from bank-filtered Rhine R water 1 ppb(7).Three contaminated drinking water wells in New Jersey and
<br /> 55,260, 6400 ppb whereas the highest conn in in drinking water from surface water sources in 6.1 ppb(8).Groundwater
<br /> supply in England 210 in from gasoline storage 0.15 ppb(9).In 3 federal surveys of finished surface waters toluene was
<br /> found in 19.%of the samples(10).In a 5-city survey in which the water supplies came froze different types of sources with
<br /> various sources of pollution,2 contained toluene,one 0.1 ppb and the other 0.7 ppb(11).US Ground Water Supply
<br /> Survey, 1982,466 randomly selected driving water supplies that used ground water as a source, 1.3%pos,2.9 ppb max,
<br /> 0.8 ppb median(12).GROUNDWATER:Groundwater underlying 2 rapid infiltration sites 02 ppb .Groundwater under
<br /> Drinking gasification site- 15 months after gasification performed 170-740 ppb.Contaminated wells from gasoline storage tanks,
<br /> -Water Impact etc.0.55-6400 ppb(1,2).In cluster well study under old industrial site mean levels in bedrock wells were 90 ppb while
<br /> shallow and deep glacial wells were 10 ppb.SURFACE WATER: 14 heavily industrialized river basins in USA(204
<br /> sites 1-5 ppb, 15%pos .Detected in various rivers(2,3,4).SEAWATER:Gulf of Mexico.,3-376 parts/trillion(1,2).
<br /> Vineland Sound,MA.10-54 parts/trillion, 27 Mexico 3-376 parts/trillion(1,2).Vineland Sound,MA 10-54 partsMllion,
<br /> 27 parts/trillion avg- source-fuel from boats.RAIN WATER:West Los Angeles 76 parts/trillion.7 rain events,
<br /> Portland,OR,Feb-Apr 1984,71.40o pos,cancra in rain(parts/trillion)range of pos,40-220,8$avg;conch in gas phase
<br /> (ng/cu m), 1800-8600,3800 avg.EFFL: industries in which the mean effluent levels exceed 1000 ppb are:auto and other
<br /> ` laundries, iron and steel manufacturing,gum and wood chemicals,pharmaceuticals,organic chemicals/plastics
<br /> manufacturing,paint and ink formulation.The highest mean value is 52 ppm for pharmaceuticals and the highest
<br /> maximum values are 230 and 260 ppm for pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals/plastics manufacturing.Plume from
<br /> General Motors Paint Plant,Janesville, WI 156 ppb .Auto exhaust 196-718 mg/cu m.USEPA STORET database, 1,498
<br /> data points, 19.7%pos,5.0 ppb median conn.MN municipal solid waste landfills,leachates,6 sites, 100%pos,7.5-600,
<br /> 1.5-8300 ppb,contaminated groundwater(by inorganic indices), 13 sites,46%pos,7 sites, 14% pas, 3.8 ppb.
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