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2 2 4 Adsorption <br /> Organic compounds may be adsorbed onto a medium, such as activated carbon, as <br /> a treatment alternative Once the medium becomes saturated with the compound(s) <br /> it must be treated or replaced. Because of the inherent costs associated with <br /> treatment or replacement of the medium, this alternative is only practical for low flow <br /> and contaminant concentrations and is often used as a secondary treatment in <br /> conjunction with other systems When adsorption is used as the primary treatment <br /> I for dissolved organic compounds, groundwater may need to be pre-treated to remove <br /> certain inorganic compounds to prevent clogging of the medium <br /> 2 2.5 Direct Discharge or Disposal <br /> Direct discharge or disposal can be a viable remediation alternative when discharge <br /> chemistry, contaminant types and concentrations, and flow rates qualify for discharge <br /> to a sanitary treatment system, recycling facility, or surface water Factors that need <br /> to be considered prior to selecting this alternative include not only those mentioned <br /> above, but the availability of a sanitary treatment facility and/or surface water, <br /> transportation costs, permitting requirements, characterization requirements, and <br /> liability <br /> ITypically, sanitary districts and recycling facilities require complete characterization <br /> of the waste stream, regular monitoring, and a fee for discharge to the facility Direct <br /> discharge to a storm sewer system or surface water body is permitted under the <br /> NPDES The NPDES permit system requires on-going characterization of the waste <br /> stream, complete facility description, and a complete description of the surface water <br /> system to which the waste stream is discharged <br /> 2 2 6 Separation/Filtration <br /> ISeparation/filtration of sludge, liquid hydrocarbons (free product), and inorganic <br /> compounds is utilized to increase treatment and disposal options of extracted <br /> lgroundwater Separation typically involves the use of a tank or pond to allow either <br /> settling of solids or the separation of undissolved organic constituents from <br /> groundwater The by-products are regularly collected and disposed of appropriately <br /> Methods of filtration include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, micro-filtration, bipolar <br /> separations, and electrolysis The newer filtration systems are more chemically <br /> resistant and versatile Filtration systems generate waste concentrate that must also <br /> be disposed of appropriately <br /> 2.3 In-Situ Groundwater Remediation Alternatives <br /> This broad category of groundwater remediation alternatives does not include <br /> extraction, treatment, and discharge of treated groundwater Generally speaking, the <br /> technical approach is either to cause or enhance biodegradation and may include <br /> injection of various media including, but not limited to, oxygen, nutrients, blocultures, <br /> and/or a combination of these elements <br />