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Technical Description developments and refinements continuously being made in research laboratories and in the field, which directly affect the designs of high-quality, activated-sludge-based, batching-type treatment systems. As opposed to municipal flowthrough-type systems which process wastewater on a con- tinuous-flow basis, batching systems hold all wastewater until that specific portion of the treat- ment r:at- ment process is complete before releasing it to the next processing stage. NOTE: Most conventional municipal treatment plants, as well as most other small-flow pack- aged systems, are of the flowthrough design. The weakness of the flowthrough design is that, when fully loaded, it forces out only partially treated wastewater at the same rate that fresh wastewater is taken in, something that cannot happen with a batch reactor. Activated sludge is generated by aerating a biologically degradable waste until a large mass of settleable solids forms. These settleable solids are active masses of living organisms, re iaebut ig- natcd as activated sludge. Activated sludge is not formed by special floc-forming rather is a natural phenomenon of all bacteria at a definite energy level. The aeration, mixing, and oxidation of fresh wastes with sludge that is recycled in the treatment chamber. Microorganisms aerobically stabilize incoming or- process takes place in the aeration ganic matter, which is stored as activated sludge in the aeration chamber until enough volume is available for transfer to the clarifier tank as a batch. This storing process takes the conventional activated sludge process one sup farther. The activated sludge, while in the aeration tank, enters into an advanced aerobic stabilization mode, which is comparable to the aerobic digestion proc- ess. This mode, called reaction, gives rise to the process term `batch reactor." The advantage of the reduction of volatile suspended solids v�zthout affecting reactor process is found in the enhanced the development of those organism types required for the basic process. Reactor sludges, unlike s, produce no odor and, combined with the multiple batch- typical flowthrough-type processeudge in the secondary discharge. As a result, sludge w-acting is return cycles,produce very little sl dramatically minimized. Sedimentation, or clarification, follows the aeration process. This stage allows the activated trans- sludge to flocculate and settle out producing sludge eis turned toeffluent of lthe aerow ation onic coank- ast. After odrfor the fer of the clarified supernatant, the bacteria contained in the incoming waste and air and to provide the carbon source for the denttrt fication process. MICRO ORGANISMS Activated sludge is made up of essentially four kinds of organaimolved organics, which loCompoun�st of the lgthe tion in an activated-sludge process. The bacteria, a, which eat, ciliates (protozoa), both free-swimming and stalked, which eat the bacteria and thus are heavy enough to settle by gravity; and the suctona,which feed on the ciliates and assist with the settling process. This chain of bug eating bug is known as endogenous respiration or, oftrm ooze mode, contact stabilization. There are other lessor, more The exceptiontural groups u d be treatment ganisms in the process, but these four are the primary plants artificially seeded with known suaisof bioauginernation of the nitro-Raptos, z' Process known as bplantgsmas (seeding). (NOTE: 7H does not recommendS stabi- lization time is normally less than ten days after startup.) .2 7-H Technical Services Group,Inc.