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3.3 Air Quality and Climate Change k air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health(Dockery and Pope,2006). The ARB has estimated that achieving the ambient air quality standards for PM 10 could reduce premature mortality rates by 6,480 cases per year(ARB, 2002). Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2).NO2 is a reddish brown gas that is a by-product of combustion processes. Automobiles and industrial operations are the main sources of NO2.NO2 may be visible as a coloring component of a brown cloud on high pollution days,especially in conjunction with high ozone levels. Nitrogen dioxide is an air quality concern because it acts a respiratory irritant and is a precursor of ozone.Nitrogen dioxide is a major component of the group of gaseous nitrogen compounds commonly referred to as nitrogen oxides(NOx).Nitrogen oxides are produced by fuel combustion in motor vehicles, industrial stationary sources (such as industrial activities), ships, aircraft, and rail transit.Typically,nitrogen oxides emitted from fuel combustion are in the form of nitric oxide(NO)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2).NO is often converted to NO2 when it reacts with ozone or undergoes photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Therefore,.emissions of NO2 from combustion sources are typically evaluated based on the amount of NOx emitted from the source. Jws Sulfur dioxide(SO2). SO2 isa combustion product of sulfur or sulfur-containing fuels such as coal and diesel. SO2 is also a precursor to the formation of atmospheric sulfate,particulate matter t. and contributes to potential atmospheric sulfuric acid formation that could precipitate downwind T as acid rain. Lead.Ambient lead concentrations meet both the federal and state standards in the project area. CS! Lead has a range of adverse neurotoxin health effects,and was formerly released into the atmosphere primarily via leaded gasoline products.The phase-out of leaded gasoline in California resulted in decreasing levels of atmospheric lead.The project would not introduce any new sources of lead emissions;consequently,lead emissions are not required to be quantified and are not further evaluated in this analysis. Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) TACs are airborne substances that are capable of causing short-term(acute)and/or long-term (chronic or carcinogenic,i.e.,cancer causing)adverse human health effects(i.e., injury or illness). TACs are substances for which Federal or State criteria air pollutant standards have not been adopted. Thus, for TACs,there is no Federal or State ambient air quality standard against which to measure a project's air quality impacts.For this reason, TACs are analyzed by performing a health risk assessment. TACs include both organic and inorganic chemical substances. They may be emitted from a variety of common sources including gasoline stations,automobiles,dry cleaners, industrial operations, and painting operations. The current California list of TACE includes approximately 200 compounds, including particulate emissions from diesel-fueled engines. 1 1. I4 .. Munn&Perkins Quarry Excavatlon Permit .3.3-5 ESA 1211086 ,t Draft FIR April 2011