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XTOXNET PIP - TRIFLURALIN Page 2 of 4 than 2000 mg/kg. The 1-hour inhalation LC50 for technical trifluralin in rats is greater than 2.8 mg/L [58]. Nausea and severe gastrointestinal discomfort may occur after eating trifluralin. Trifluralin does not cause skin irritation. When applied to the eyes of rabbits,trifluralin produced slight irritation, which cleared within 7 days [8]. Skin sensitization(allergies)may occur in some individuals [8]. Inhalation may cause irritation of the lining of the mouth,throat, or lungs [8]. . Chronic toxicity: Prolonged or repeated skin contact with trifluralin may cause allergic dermatitis [8]. The administration of 25 mg/kg/day to dogs for 2 years resulted in no observed toxicity [58]. In another study of beagle dogs,toxic effects were observed at 18.75 mg/kg/day. These included decreased red blood cell counts and increases in methemoglobin,total serum lipids,triglycerides, and cholesterol [13]. Trifluralin has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in other studies of chronic oral exposure in animals [139]. . Reproductive effects: The reproductive capacity of rats fed dietary concentrations of trifluralin as high as 10 mg/kg/day was unimpaired through four successive generations. Trifluralin administered to pregnant rabbits at doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day, and to rats at doses as high as 225 mg/kg/day, produced no adverse effect on either the mothers or offspring [58]. Loss of appetite and weight loss followed by miscarriages were observed when pregnant rabbits were fed�gh doses of 224 or 500 mg/kg/day. Fetal weight decreased and there was an increase in the number of fetal runts at the 500 mg/kg/day dosage [8]. It is unlikely effects on reproduction will be produced in humans at expected exposure levels. . Teratogenic effects: No abnormalities were observed the offspring of rats fed doses as high as 10 mg/kg/day for four generations [58]. Studies in the rat and rabbit show no evidence that trifluralin is teratogenic. The highest doses tested in these studies were 1000 mg/kg/day in rats and 500 mg/kg/day in rabbits [138]. Trifluralin does not appear to be teratogenic. . Mutagenic effeclts: No evidence of mutagenicity was observed when trifluralin was tested in live animals, and in assays using bacterial and mammalian cell cultures [138]. . Carcinogenic effects: In a 2-year study of rats fed 325 mg/kg/day,the highest dose tested, malignant tumors developed in the kidneys,bladder, and thyroid [138]. However,more data are needed to characterize its carcinogenicity. . Organ toxicity: Liver,kidney, and thyroid damage appear to be the main toxic effects in chronic animal studies [139]. . Fate in humans and animals: Trifluralin is not readily absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract; 80% of single oral doses administered to rats and dogs was excreted in the feces [8]. Ecoloctical Effects: . Effects on birds: Trifluralin is practically nontoxic to birds [63]. The LD50 in bobwhite quail is greater than 2000 mg/kg, as it is in female mallards and pheasants [63]. These values are for the technical product. . Effects on aquatic organisms: Trifluralin is very highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. The 96 hour LC50 is 0.02 to 0.06 mg/L in rainbow trout, and 0.05 to 0.07 mg/L in bluegill sunfish [37]. The 96-hour LC50 in channel catfish is approximately 1.4 to 3.4 mg/L [37]. Variables such as temperature, pH, life stage, or size may affect the toxicity of the compound. Trifluralin is highly toxic to Daphnia, a species of small freshwater crustacean, with a 48-hour LC50 of 0.5 to 0.6 mg/L [140]. The compound shows a moderate tendency to accumulate in aquatic organisms. . Effects on other organisms: At exposure levels well above permissible application rates (100 mg/kg), trifluralin has been shown to be toxic to earthworms. However,permitted application rates will result in soil residues of approximately 1 ppm trifluralin, a level that had no adverse effects on earthworms [140]. It is nontoxic to bees [1]. Environmental Fate: . Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Trifluralin is of moderate to high persistence in the soil environment, depending on conditions. Trifluralin is subject to degradation by soil microorganisms. Trifluralin remaining on the soil surface after application may be decomposed by UV light or may volatilize. Reported half-lives of trifluralin in the soil vary from 45 to 60 days [11]to 6 to 8 months [1]. After 6 months to 1 year, 80 to 90% of its 6"