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STIG PROJECT -- EVALUATION OF WATER FOR INJECTION -- 28 March 1994 18 times would be shorter for the same input/discharge rates. For example, a stable level of 5000 gallons with throughput of 406 g/m has t1/2 = 0.14 hours (8.5 min). 7. Sharp increases in temperature and decreases in concentration are not initially well mixed throughout the tank. Volume of boiler blowdown will be nominally 1/10 to 1/20th the volume in the tank. 8. For a maximum half-time of 2.4 hours with 8 hours between surges, a given surge effect is reduced to about (1/2)8/2.4= 0.10 of the initial (average) impulse. This is a maximum residual because a maximum half-time (2.4 hrs) was used in the estimate. 9. Separation factors vary with differences in input concentrations and with the volume ratio of permeate to waste.Also,different ions and molecules have their individual separation factors for any specific environment.These may be largely considered as secondary,minor factors that merely alter the details about the main effects. By considering the present system to be limited to the vicinity of nominal conditions, secondary effects will be negligible. Applicaton of these results to remote conditions risks inaccuracies, depending on true magnitudes of the secondary effects, which are not investigated. 10.For the range of operation of the ultrafilter(100 to 200 gpm discharge with 520 to 620 gpm input), concentration multipliers range from 1.4/.93 to 1.2/.91, where the numerator refers to the ratio of waste/input concentrations and the denominator refers to ratio of product/input concentrations. The numerically lower pair corresponds to larger relative (volumetric) waste rates. A mid-range pair, 1.3/.92, will be used for the nominal conditions modelled in this review. 11. Based on data for silica obtained during testing described by Al Beninati, 1994, Results of Ionics Test run on TX8665:Letter report to Northern California Power Agency,8 March.[Attn: Scott Eddy]. 12. A crude concentration factor (cf) for the RO is given by the ratio of input/waste volume rates,diminished by the portion(y)of dissolved component that follows permeate. For nominal rates and y=10%, cftrue = (1-0.10)420/130 = 2.91. Given that the RO input is depleted from the initial liquid concentration by the ultrafilter factor, 0.92, the effective RO mutiplier is 2.91(0.92) = 2.68. 13. Sludges removed from the cooling tower originate variously as depositions from the fluid and particulates scavenged from the atmosphere. Added chemicals partly aim to prevent deposition of water-borne components and these are more or less successful. 14. The boiler surge water contains silica at a concentration predicted to be less than 8 mg/kg. This is a result of evapo-concentration in the boiler operating on finite,residual concentrations of silica which pass through the RO and demineralizer units. Based on silica concentration in the original liquid, the internal multiplier for the boiler amounts to <8/59.5 -- 0.13. Since the boiler surge discharge enters the accumulated volume in the tank, is effect is diminished compared to what a steady-state contribution would be. In note 7, the average surge effect was indicated to be a maximum of only 5 to 10 percent of what a steady-state inflow would yield, and that dissipates between surges. Using a mid-range of 7 percent, the internal multiplier of the boiler yields a value of 0.07(.13) = 0.0094 in the waste receiver tank. DON MICHELS ASSOCIATES - Missoula,Montana USA