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CSS exposure can sensitize cardiac tissue to epinephrine which may precipitate fatal ventricular fibrillation REPRODUCTIVE 1 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY No birth defects have been shown to occur in pregnant laboratory animals exposed to doses not toxic to the mother However, some evidence of fetal toxicity such as delayed physical development has been seen at such levels The available information on the effects of benzene on human pregnancies is inadequate but it has been established that benzene can cross the human placenta OCCUPATIONAL The OSHA Benzene Standard (29 CFR 1910 1028)contains detailed requirements for training, exposure monitoring, respiratory protection and medical surveillance triggered by the exposure level Refer to the OSHA Standard before using this product This product contains TOLUENE GENERAL TOXICITY The primary effects of exposure to toluene in animals and humans are on the central nervous system Solvent abusers, who typically inhale high concentrations (thousands of ppm)for brief periods of time, in addition to experiencing respiratory tract irritation, often suffer permanent central nervous system effects that include tremors, staggered gait, impaired speech, hearing and vision loss, and changes in brain tissue Death in some solvent abusers has been attributed to cardiac arrhythmias,which appear to be have been triggered by epinephrine acting on solvent sensitized cardiac tissue Although liver and kidney effects have been seen in some solvent abusers, results of animal testing with toluene do not support these as primary target organs HEARING Humans who were occupationally exposed to concentrations of toluene as low as 100 ppm for long periods of time have experienced hearing deficits Hearing loss, as demonstrated using behavioral and electrophysiological testing as well as by observation of structural damage to cochlear hair cells, occurred in experimental animals exposed to toluene It also appears that toluene exposure and noise may interact to produce hearing deficits COLOR VISION In a single study of workers exposed to toluene at levels under 50 ppm, small decreases in the ability to discriminate colors in the blue-yellow range have been reported for female workers This effect,which should be investigated further, is very subtle and would not likely have been noticed by the people tested REPRODUCTIVE 1 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY Toluene may also cause mental and/or growth retardation in the children of female solvent abusers who directly inhale toluene (usually at thousands of ppm)when they are pregnant Toluene caused growth retardation in rats and rabbits when administered at doses that were toxic to the mothers In rats,concentrations of up to 5000 ppm did not cause birth defects No effects were observed in the offspring at doses that did not intoxicate the pregnant animals The exposure level at which no effects were seen (No Observed Effect Level, NOEL) is 750 ppm in the rat and 500 ppm in the rabbit This product contains ETHYLBEN,ZENE BIRTH DEFECTS AND REPRODUCTION Ethylbenzene is not expected to cause birth defects or other developmental effects based on well-conducted studies in rabbits and rats sponsored by NIOSH Other studies in rats and mice,which reported urinary tract malformations, have many deficiencies and have limited usefulness in evaluating human risk Reproductive effects are not expected based on a NIOSH study of fertility, and lack of effects observed for sperm counts and motility, estrous cycle and pathology of reproductive organs following repeated exposures HEARING Ethylbenzene caused probable hearing loss in rats exposed to 400 ppm for 8 hr/day for 5 days based on increases in auditory thresholds and loss of inner ear hair cells At 300 ppm, there was loss of inner ear hair cells without any effect on auditory thresholds There is no evidence of hearing loss in people GENETIC TOXICITY Ethylbenzene tested negative in the bacterial mutation test, Chinese Hamster Ovary(CHO)cell in vitro assay,sister chromatid exchange assay and an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay Conflicting results have been reported for the mouse lymphoma cell assay Increased micronuclei were reported in an in vitro Syrian hamster embryo cell assay, however,two in vivo micronuclei studies in mice were negative In Syrian hamster embryo cells in vitro, cell transformation was observed at 7 days of incubation but not at 24 hours Based on these results, ethylbenzene is not expected to be mutagenic or clastogenic CARCINOGENICITY In studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program, rats and mice were exposed to ethylbenzene at 25, 250 and 750 ppm for six hours per day,five days per week for 103 weeks In rats exposed to 750 ppm,the incidence of kidney tubule hyperplasia and tumors was increased Testicular tumors develop spontaneously in nearly all rats if allowed to complete their natural life span, in this study, the development of these tumors appeared to be enhanced in male rats exposed to 750 ppm In mice,the incidences of lung tumors in males and liver tumors in females exposed to 750 ppm were increased as compared to control mice but were within the range of incidences observed historically in control mice Other liver effects were observed in male mice exposed to 250 and 750 ppm The incidences of hyperplasia were increased in the pituitary gland in female mice at 250 and 750 ppm and in the thyroid in male and female mice at 750 ppm Revision Number 1 6 of 10 TOLUENE(COMMERCIAL GRADE) Revision Date 07/21/2003 MSDS 2900