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10/12/1995 20:44 9163519357 ANNE M FARR PACE 18 <br /> TABLE 1 <br /> PARAMETERS ASSESSED BURINS EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM CONTANUNATION—Cnntlnued <br /> panaeretrr rAftr=wwx provided <br /> Lubricating olls,heating ods,'and crude oils—Continued <br /> Alkanes(paraffins)— • Alkane distribution can also indicate the maturity of the petroleum product (i c. <br /> Continued degradation caused by time) A predominance of odd carbon numbers indicate the <br /> presence of a more immature product(Figure 3a,page 110) However if the dominant <br /> alkane value is between Cts and C24,the released material is a mature petroleum product <br /> (Figure 3b,page I 10). <br /> • Alkane gas chromatogram patterns for undegraded samples will closely match those of <br /> materials from the original source material(if available) <br /> Carbon distribution + As shown in Figure 4 (page 1.11), dsesel, kerosene. and JP-5 have different carbon <br /> pattern distribution patterns This information can be used to determine the type of petroleum <br /> product associated with contamination <br /> Stable isotope ratios for + The 13CI12C ratio of a floating product can be compared with known potential sources <br /> carbon and hydrogen to aid in source identification, stable isotopes of other elements (e.g, nitrogen and <br /> sulfur) may also be useful Isotope reaps are especially useful when extensive <br /> biodegradation has caused almost complete alteration of the onginal product's <br /> molecular composition <br /> • Stable isotope ratio comparison of free product collected from different ground-water <br /> monitoring wells may indicate whether mixing of different petroleum products has <br /> occurred. <br /> + Refined petroleum products have a 17G12C ratio relatively close to that of the original <br /> crude oil Therefore, the r3GlzC ratio may help identify the geographic arca and <br /> geologic formation from whiu.b the crude oil originated,consequently helping to identify <br /> the source which released the fuel <br /> Polynuclear aromatic e The distribution of polynuclear aromatics and their sulfur analogs(thiophenes)present <br /> hydrocarbons in fossil fuel or oil shale varies from one petroleum source to another and is retained in <br /> the refined petroleum products.Accordingly,they can be used to differenuate petroleum <br /> products and crude oils from different sources <br /> Saturated polycyclic • Like polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, the distribution of certain steranes and <br /> hydrocarbon classes of tnunpanes present in fossil fuel or oil shale vanes from one petroleum source to another <br /> I steranes and tnterpanes and is retained in the refined petroleum products Accordingly, they can be used to <br /> (`*biomarkers') differcnuate petroleum products and erode oils from different sources by plotting the <br /> distnbutions on star diagrams <br /> Trace metals + The content and relative distribution of vanadium and nickel in crude oils is a function <br /> of the petroleum source <br /> • Waste oil will probably contain metals (e g. lead. copper, zinc, chromium. and alu- <br /> minum)from abrasion of engine parts. <br /> 'includes all refined petroleum products vnth a hiliber molecular weight and borer voluguy than Uig gasoline-mSe hydrocarbons <br /> ute Adapted from 19 KapLw at al. <br /> 1'$ Mn Hax-ordoua Waste Consultant: MarchfAprd 1993 <br />