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SECTION 4 <br /> REMEDIAL OPTIONS <br /> This section details the specific considerations and issues related to the performance and application <br /> of technologies or particular treatment trains for remediation of metal-contaminated sites. Final decisions <br /> for selecting a treatment strategy will depend on technology- and site-specific issues related to <br /> implementation, performance, costs, and the ability to achieve site remediation goals. Evaluation of each <br /> treatment approach will require consideration of the contaminated medium, the nature and type of <br /> contamination, and the remediation goals established for the site. The basic options for site treatment <br /> selection relative to remediation objectives are discussed in Subsections 4.1 through 4.5. A summary <br /> evaluation of the technologies with respect to the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study(RI/FS)evaluation <br /> criteria is shown in Appendix G (fable G-1). <br /> Remediation strategies for metal-contaminated sites may incorporate several distinct technology <br /> options assembled into a treatment train to attain speck site cleanup goals. Discussion of metal- <br /> contaminated site remediation technologies presented in this section evaluates the performance and <br /> adequacy of each technology in achieving the desired toxicity reduction, reduction of the environmental <br /> mobility of metal contamination, and significant volume reduction of the contaminant. Depending on the <br /> goals and criteria for site remediation,the following control options and basic approaches to toxicity/mobil- <br /> ity/volume reductions are available: <br /> Immobilization Treatment: Discussion of these processes is presented in Subsection 4.2. <br /> • Separation/Concentration Treatment: Discussion of these processes relative to soils, <br /> sediments,and sludges is presented in Subsection 4.3. Both ex situ(Subsection 4.3.1)and <br /> in situ (Subsection 4.3.2) technologies are addressed. Literature sources describing <br /> i separation/concentration technologies for contaminated groundwater are outlined in <br /> Subsection 4.4. <br /> In some cases,specific trade names or vendors are mentioned to assist site personnel in identifying <br /> sources of additional information on technologies. Mention of specific sources should not be construed as <br /> an endorsement of the source or technology. <br /> 4.1 CLEANUP GOALS <br /> 4.1.1 Major Regulatory Sources for Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements <br /> General information on the identification and determination of potential applicable or relevant and <br /> appropriate requirements(ARARs)for remedial actions at Superfund metal-contaminated sites are presented <br /> in Appendix J. The information presented in this section is not meant to be an exhaustive discussion on <br /> the compliance with ARARs,but rather a representative listing of potential ARARs and areas of consideration. <br /> The following principal statutes should be examined as potential ARARs at metal sites: <br /> • Safe Drinking Water Act <br /> • Clean Water Act <br /> • Water Quality Criteria <br /> 4-1 <br />