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6.0 Impact Considerations Version :27.10.4 <br /> Sand Beaches <br /> • Description <br /> . These beaches are flat to moderately sloping and relatively hard-packed. <br /> . There can be heavy accumulations of wrack. <br /> . They are used by birds and turtles. <br /> • Upper beach fauna include ghost crabs and amphipods; lower beach fauna can <br /> be moderate, but highly variable. <br /> • Predicted Oil Behavior <br /> • Light oil accumulations will be deposited as oily swashes or bands along the <br /> upper intertidal zone. <br /> . Heavy oil accumulations will cover the entire beach surface; oil will be lifted off <br /> the lower beach with the rising tide. <br /> • Maximum penetration of oil into fine- to medium-grained sand is about 10-15 cm, <br /> up to 25 cm in coarse-grained sand. Maximum penetration of oil into fine to <br /> medium-grained sand beaches is about 10-15 cm, and about 25 cm into <br /> coarse-grained sand beaches. <br /> • Burial of oiled layers by clean sand can be rapid (within one day), and burial to <br /> depths as much as one meter is possible if the oil comes ashore at the <br /> beginning of a depositional period. <br /> • Organisms living in the beach sediment may be killed by smothering or lethal oil <br /> concentrations in the interstitial water. <br /> • Biological impacts include temporary declines in infauna, which can affect <br /> important shorebird foraging areas. <br /> • Response Considerations <br /> . These beaches are among the easiest shoreline types to clean. <br /> • Cleanup should concentrate on removing oil and oily debris from the upper <br /> swash zone once most of the oil has come ashore. <br /> • Manual cleanup, rather than road graders and front-end loaders, is advised to <br /> minimize volume of sand removed from the shore and requiring disposal. <br /> . All efforts should focus on preventing vehicular and foot traffic from mixing oil <br /> deeper into the sediments. <br /> • Mechanical reworking of lightly oiled sediments from the high-tide line to the <br /> upper intertidal zone can be effective along exposed beaches. <br /> Shell Supply and Distribution 6-40 Stockton Terminal FRP <br /> ©2019 Witt O' Brien's Revision Date:October, 2019 <br />