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Reverse Ratio Piston / Poppet Combination Reverse Ratio means the leak detector has a smaller diameter piston area than the poppet it is attached to. This smaller piston area keeps the leak detector in the fast fill position (3 GPM)to a higher line pressure while compressing vapor pockets and expanding flexible pipes faster. This means less time to full flow. The leak detector does not have to completely reset (as with competitive leak detectors) for the poppet to be forced into the reset mode at pump start-up. Smaller Volume / Faster Response Piston Size With a reduced piston size, there is one-fourth the fuel volume to replace when in leak search and one-fourth the fuel volume to return to the line when the pump turns off. This combination makes for a more responsive and faster leak detector. Less volume to leave the line for the leak detector to reset and catch leaks. Less volume to fill and provide full flow for dispensing! Superior Flex-Pipe Performance The reduced surface area of the piston significantly reduces the surface area exposed to hydraulic line shock. This results in enhanced performance with steel and fiberglass pipe, and especially with today's flexible pipe. 99 LD-2000\E In the early 1990's,the first commercially successful flexible pipe,Total Containment PP-1500,was introduced to the U. S. petroleum industry. Due to the flexibility of this pipe system, no line leak detection would work. In 1992, the Vmi LD-2000\E was certified for 3 GPH @ 10 PSI on Total Containment PP-1500 pipe. The 99 LD-2000\E is still required for existing PP-1500 pipe. Additionally, today the 99 LD-2000\E is used in sites that have the same line characteristics as the LD-2000\E was originally certified for, even though the pipe is different. The original certification of the LD-2000\E concerned the bleed-back modulus of PP-1500 pipe. Today, lines with high bleed-back (generally above 600 ml.) and high head pressure may require the 99 LD-2000\E to pass a field test for annual certification. Consult with factory before ordering and installing the 99 LD-2000\E. Electronic Line Leak Detection Upgrade! The 99 LD-2000 may be upgraded in the field to eliminate thermal induced slow-flow, provide submersible shut-down, and alarm notification to site monitoring equipment. Request information on the ISM-4080,an easy upgrade for existing or new installations. The ISM-4080 also stages turbines and controls solenoid valves for loading racks and marine applications. If there is no need for staged turbines, solenoid valve control, alarm notification or submersible shut-down, request information on the ARM-4073 to eliminate false alarms only. 5.000