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I:X T 0 x N E T PIP-SULFUR h"p:Hace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/suIfur.htm ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS • Effects on Birds: Sulfur is considered non-toxic to birds (356). The 8-day dietary LC50 for bobwhite quail is reported to be greater than 5,620 ppm in a study using a 95% sulfur wettable powder formulation (358). In studies on ecological effects involving bobwhite quail, sulfur has been shown to be practically non-toxic to the species tested (357). • Effects on Aquatic Organisms: The 96-hour LC50 values for two fish species, bluegill sunfish and rainbow trout, are greater than 180 ppm in a study using a 99.5% sulfur dust formulation. The 48-hour LC50 for daphnia and the 96-hour LC50 for mysid shrimp is reported to be greater than 5,000 and 736 ppm, respectively, in a study using 90% sulfur(358, 359). In studies on ecological effects involving two fish species, daphnia, and mysid shrimp, sulfur has been shown to be practically non-toxic to the species tested (1, 223, 356, 357). • Effects on Other Animals (Nontarget species): Sulfur is considered non-toxic to bees (1, 223, 356). In studies on ecological effects involving honeybees, sulfur has been shown to be practically non-toxic to the species tested. Thus, although there is potential for non-target organisms to be exposed to sulfur, little hazard to these species is expected to result(357). Two beneficial insect studies demonstrated that sulfur(98% dust and 92% wettable powder) is low in toxicity to the honeybee through contact and ingestion (358). ENVIRONMENTAL FATE • Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater: Sulfur is a component of the environment, and there is a natural cycle of oxidation and reduction reactions which transforms sulfur into both organic and inorganic products. Sulfur in the form of sulfate constitutes about 0.1% of U. S. soils. Elemental sulfur is slowly converted to sulfate in soil by the action of autotrophic bacteria. Elemental sulfur leaches in soil as sulfate at a slow rate. About 3-6% of the sulfur(formulation and purity unspecified) applied at 56 kg/Ha leached through lysimeters of loam soil (soil depth unspecified) as a result of 40 inches of rain over a six-month period. After two years, 23-29% of the applied sulfur had leached (359). • Breakdown of Chemical in Surface Water: No information currently available. • Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation: There is slight oxidation of sulfur to the volatile oxide. Primarily microbial reduction in and on plants; partial incorporation into physiological substances (1). Sulfur may cause plant injury when used at summer temperatures (223). Injury has been reported on apricots, raspberries, cucurbits and certain other "sulfur-shy" plants (207). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GUIDELINES Physical Properties: • Appearance: yellow crystalline solid • Chemical Name: Sulfur • CAS Number: 7704-34-9 (1, 223) • Molecular Weight: 32.064 • Water Solubility: Practically insoluble in water(1, 242) • Solubility in Other Solvents: Readily soluble in carbon disulphide. Very slightly soluble in ether, petroleum ether, toluene, acetone, chloroform, and alcohol; more readily soluble in hot benzene, acetone, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, liquid ammonia, and methylene iodide (1, 242, 354) • Melting Point: 114.5-115 degrees C (1, 223, 356); 235 degrees F (354) • Vapor Pressure: 5.3 x 10 to the minus 6 mbar at 30.4 degrees C; 8.6 x 10 to the minus 5 mbar at 3 ofd X115100 10:11 AM