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Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Basin Groundwater Management Plan 2 Hydrogeology 2.1 Regional Geology and Stratigraphy San Joaquin County is situated within the Central Valley, a 400-mile long, 50 mile wide northwestward trending, asymmetrical structural trough. The Sierra Nevada Ranges, east of the Central Valley, is comprised of pre-Tertiary igneous and metamorphic rocks. The Coastal Ranges, to the west, is comprised of pre-Tertiary and Tertiary semi-consolidated to consolidated marine sedimentary rocks. The geologic formations within San Joaquin County vary in origination in geologic times ranging from Recent to Pre-Cretaceous. Six to 10 miles of sediment have been deposited within the Central Valley and include both marine and continental gravels, sands, silts and clays. During the middle Cretaceous (-100 million years ago), parts of the Central Valley were inundated by the Pacific Ocean resulting in deposition of marine deposits. Marine conditions persisted through the middle Tertiary period after which time sedimentation changed from marine to continental. The material source for the continental deposits are the Coastal Ranges and Sierra Nevada which are composed primarily of granite, related plutonic rocks, and metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks from Late Jurassic to Ordovician age (Bertoldi, et al, 1991). The Central Valley has one natural surface water outlet, the Carquinez Strait located east of San Francisco Bay (USGS). Geologic formations within the Central Valley and San Joaquin County are generally grouped as either east-side or west-side formations based on their location relative to the San Joaquin River, and the source of the sedimentary material of which they are composed. Generally, Eastside formation material originates in the Sierra Nevada and Westside formation material originates in the Coastal Ranges. Table 2-1 shows a generalized stratigraphic column for San Joaquin County. The most important fresh water-bearing formations in Eastern San Joaquin County are the Mehrten, Laguna, Victor, and alluvial deposits. The formations are described below. Mehrten The Mehrten Formation is considered the oldest significant fresh water-bearing formation within Eastern San Joaquin County. It is exposed in the eastern most portion of the county, and slopes steeply from 90 to 180 feet per mile reaching a depth of 800 to 1,000 feet and a thickness of 400 to 600 feet in the Stockton sands, and gravels, the formation is often subdivided into upper and lower units. The upper unit is reported to contain finer grained deposits (black sands interbedded with brown-to-blue clay) and the lower unit consists of dense tuff breccia. Consequently, groundwater is reported to be semi-confined in the Stockton area. The Mehrten Formation has moderate to high permeability where black sands occur (DWR, 1967, Brown & Caldwell, 1985). Laguna The Laguna Formation outcrops in the northeastern part of the County and dips at 90 feet per mile (DWR, 1967), and reaches a maximum thickness of 1,000 feet. It consists of discontinuous lenses of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand and silt with lesser amounts of clay and gravel. The Laguna Formation is moderately permeable with some reportedly highly permeable coarse-grained beds and generally unconfined, but semi-confined conditions probably exist locally. Some studies have suggested that an extensive aquitard, namely the Corcoran Clay, extends into the Laguna Formation or separates the Laguna and Mehrten Formations (Brown & Caldwell, 1985). Northeastern San Joaquin County Section 2 Groundwater Banking Authority 38 Hydrogeology