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Visual Impact Assessment Griffith Energy Storage Project system software with the Spatial Analyst extension to process 10-meter digital elevation models and the height of the battery storage enclosures and the gen-tie line above ground surface (Figure 4).The viewshed assumed "bare earth"conditions and was run from the Project area looking out to determine areas with potential visibility.The assumed "bare earth"conditions mean identification of areas with potential views of the Project were based on topography only.The analysis is also conservative because it does not account for screening by intervening structures,vegetation, curvature of the earth,small terrain changes,atmospheric conditions and attenuation,or other features.The ZVI was used to assist with the identification of potential KOPs. 3.2.4 Key Observation Points Based on the ZVI and the identification of publicly accessible routes and viewpoints, potential KOPs were identified and further assessed during the field assessment. KOPs were identified based on locations from which the Project infrastructure would potentially be visible and noticeable to the casual observer.The"casual observer" is considered an observer who is not actively looking or searching for the Project, but who is engaged in activities at locations with potential views of the Project,such as hiking or driving along a scenic road. If the Project infrastructure is not noticeable to the casual observer,visual impacts can be considered minor to negligible. Six KOPs were selected as representative vantage points in the landscape that offer motorists traveling on area roadways and local residents'views of the proposed Project site (Figure 5).These KOPs provide views from the closest roadways to the Project site from publicly accessible areas. Factors considered in the selection of KOPs included locations with sensitive viewers(e.g., local residences, motorists on nearby roadways) and potential for the Project site to be visible(e.g., distance and view angle).The KOPs were selected to capture representative vantages from 1-580, local roadways,and residences. Digital photographs were taken from the selected KOP locations to support the discussion on existing visual setting and the analysis of potential visual impacts associated with the proposed Project site (Figures 6 through 11). Photographs of existing conditions were taken on May 24,2022, using a digital, single-lens reflex,Canon 5D Mark III camera. 3.2.5 Visual Simulations Three-dimensional visual simulations from representative KOP photographs were rendered to approximate the visual conditions resulting with Project implementation. Using the photographs acquired at each KOP,a three-dimensional physical massing model was created that incorporated the photovoltaic scale model, placed in array configurations as shown in Figure 2.The model was then georeferenced and placed on global positioning system-controlled,site-specific photographs to create simulations that demonstrate visual changes from the Project. Figures 6 through 11 present simulated views of Project features. OTETRA TECH 15 August 2023