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BRAY, RATHJE, AUGELLO AND MERRY D Seismic Design for Lined Solid-Waste Landfills 206 GEOSYNTHETICS INTERNATIONAL S 1998, VOL. 5, NOS. 1-2 were located onreclaimed land that underwent significant liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Two large permanent waste fills located on reclaimed islands at distances of 12 and 20 km from the zone of energy release were also surveyed. Several ground cracks, whichweretensofmeters longandafewcentimeters wide,wereidentified near the edges of these islands. These cracks appeared to have resulted from lateral move- ments toward the island edges. Asand liquefaction boil with some garbage ejecta (Fig- ure 1) was observed at one of the landfills. There was no evidence of any compromise of the containment of waste at these sites which are eventually underlain by thick clay deposits. Waste fill performance wasdominated bythesubsurface conditions atthesur- veyed landfills. These sites were reclaimed by dumping granular materials through standing water, and it is not surprising that they experienced ground cracking resulting from liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. These case records illustrate the potential problems associated with waste fills sited on ground susceptible to liquefaction. 2.3 Earthquake Ground Motions The seismic response of a MSWLF depends greatly on the characteristics of the se- lected suiteofinputgroundmotions.Hence, theimportance ofasite-specific seismicity evaluation cannot be overemphasized. To assist this process in the United States, the U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)hasdeveloped improvedmapsthatdefine theprobabil- ity ofgroundmotion parameters being exceeded forvariouslevels ofuncertainty inthe continental United States. The Frankel et al. (1996) maps are available via the Internet (http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/) and form the basis forseveral design codes, suchas the 1997 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings (BSSC, Building Seismic Safety Council 1997). Ground motion parameters, such as the maximum horizontal acceleration, MHA, are available at the 10% probability of exceedance in 250 years level (i.e. 2% Figure 1. Sand liquefaction boil with some garbage ejecta (photograph courtesy of Dr. L. Harder).