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Area, and concrete or asphalt-concrete pavement in parking areas). Prior to the installation of the durable covers within the Project Sierra development area, COC/COEC-impacted soil from the mass grading within the remedial boundary would be consolidated in the footprint of the new Warehouse and Outdoor Storage Area, including an area south of the remedial boundary(Figure 15). Portions of the Project Sierra development located outside of the ARIC (Figure 11) do not require remedial action and are therefore not included in Alternative 5. Alternative 5 also involves installation of new covers and repair of existing covers in areas within the remedial boundary but outside the Project Sierra development. Unpaved areas would be covered with a demarcation layer and 2 feet of clean soil. Existing covers in other areas (i.e., building foundations and paved areas) would be repaired, as needed, to serve as a physical barrier(Figure 15). The existing and new covers would be inspected and maintained regularly, and future land use and activities within the ARIC (Figure 11) would be restricted by a LUC. 4.3 Evaluation of Alternatives The remedial alternatives summarized in Section 4.2 were evaluated individually and then compared against each other based on the following nine criteria described in the NCP: • Overall protection of human health and the environment—Addresses whether or not a remedy provides adequate protection and describes how risks posed through each pathway are eliminated, reduced, or controlled through treatment, engineering controls, or institutional controls. • Compliance with ARARs—Addresses whether or not a remedy will meet all federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations that qualify as ARARs (as identified in Appendix Q. • Long-term effectiveness—Refers to the ability of a remedy to maintain reliable protection of human health and the environment over time, once cleanup goals have been met. • Reduction of toxicity, mobility, or volume through treatment—Refers to the ability of a remedy to reduce the toxicity, mobility, or volume of the hazardous substances or constituents present at the site. • Short-term effectiveness—Addresses potential adverse impact on human health and the environment that may be posed during the construction and implementation period and the period of time until the cleanup standards are achieved. • Implementability—Refers to the technical and administrative feasibility of a remedy, including the availability of materials and services needed to carry out a particular alternative. • Cost—Evaluates the estimated capital and operation and maintenance costs of each alternative over a period of 30 years. • Regulatory agency acceptance—Indicates whether,based on its review of the information, the applicable regulatory agencies would agree with the preferred alternative. Site 47 RAP for Soil 13 October 2023