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Selected Application Recommendations Methanol and Other Gasoline -Alcohol Blends Apart from ethanol, methanol is also widely considered in gasoline applications, and in contrast to fermentation of sugar or polysaccharides, methanol is ordinarily made from carbon monoxide and hydrogen containing gas associated with gasification or various synthesis processes. Methanol has good octane properties, but displays similar, if not more problematic concerns over water, volatility, and phase separation. As in the case of ethanol, resins, especially those with good crosslink density, can display excellent resistance to methanol based blends of gasoline. Longer chain alcohols, such as butanol may find increasing favor over ethanol due to butanol's lower polarity, reduced fuel compatibility problems, and closer resemblance to volatility and energy content of many gasoline components. Historically, there have been many cycles of interest in alcohol fuels and other fuel additives, such as MTBE, and this is likely to continue until energy policies become more definitive. Thus, it is always good to select resins which are resistive to all gasoline formulations which might be reasonable to expect in the future. This is especially important in regard to the octane properties offered by alcohols. Octane requirements have significant implications affecting refinery reforming capacity and in allowing higher engine compression ratios necessary to meet mileage standards mandated for newer automobiles. Methanol has many other future implications for use as a direct fuel for internal combustion engines and is in the early stage of development for direct use in fuel cells. Ore Extraction & Hydrometallurgy Apart from conventional mining, smelting, and high temperature ore reduction, extractive metallurgy based on aqueous chemistry has evolved to permit recovery of metal from ores, concentrates, or residual materials. Metals produced in this manner include gold, molybdenum, uranium, and many others. The first step involves selective leaching of the metal from the ore using a variety of acidic or basic solutions depending on mineral forms or other factors. Acids are commonly sulfuric or nitric acid, and common alkaline materials include sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. The leaching can be done on pulverized or specially prepared ores, but some processes are amenable to in-situ contact with the ore, which is sometimes called solution mining. Leached ores are then concentrated by a variety of solvent or ion exchange type extraction processes. The final step involves metal recovery and purification using electrolysis (such as electrowinning) or various gaseous reduction or precipitation processes. Many of these unit operations can induce galvanic or stress related corrosion to metals. Consequently, FRP has a long history of successful use in hydrometallurgical applications. Potable Water Piping, tanks and other components used to contain or to process potable water must conform to increasingly stringent requirements, such as those of the National Sanitary Foundation (NSF), Standards 61 and 14. Standard 61 entails a risk assessment to be performed by NSF on extracted organics and other health related features. It is always the responsibility of composite products to ensure that such standards are met. Composites based on the DION® IMPACT 9102 series of vinyl esters have conformed to requirements of NSF/ ANSI Standard 61 as applicable to drinking water components. Resins, such as DION® 6631 also conform to international standards associated with drinking water, such as British Standard 6920. When manufacturing composites for drinking water applications it is good practice to obtain a good cure, including post -curing and to wash exposed surfaces thoroughly with a warm non-ionic detergent before placing the equipment into service. It is also good to use minimal amounts of plasticizers or solvent carriers during fabrication.