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i I lIIdeno (1, 2 , 3 ,-cd) pyrene, Dibenzo (a, h) anthracene, and Benzo (g, 2 h, i) perlene. PNAs also cause skin disorders, immunosuppression, 3 and are considered mutagenic. Adverse effects on the liver and 4 kidneys have been associated with exposure to PNAs. 5 2 . 4 . 2 Heavy Metals. The heavy metals found at the Site can be 6 toxic and/or carcinogenic. Ingestion of arsenic can be 7 carcinogenic, teratogenic, fetotoxic, and embryotoxic. Exposure to 8 lead can result in toxic effects in the brain and kidneys. 9 2 . 4 . 3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) . The VOCs identified at � 10 the Site are benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, and 11 total xylenes. Benzene is a carcinogen and is toxic to the central 12 nervous and respiratory systems . Chronic exposure to benzene has 13 been documented to cause blood and bone marrow changes. Toluene is 14 an irritant to eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Chronic exposure 15 to toluene results in damage to the central nervous system. 16 Exposure to chlorobenzene is extremely irritating to the eyes and 17 the respiratory tract. Short term exposure can cause pain in the 18 eyes, nose, throat and lungs as well as excessive salivation and 19 lung congestion. Exposure to ethylbenzene can cause kidney and 20 liver damage, chronic respiratory problems, and damage to the skin 21 and eyes. Xylene is an irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat. 22 Long term exposure to xylene can cause central nervous system 23 disorders and effects upon the liver and kidneys . 24 2 . 5 . Potential Exposure Routes. Potential exposure routes for 25 contaminants which may affect public health or the environment 261 include direct contact with contaminated soil, air routes for 27 volatile compounds and dust, migration of hazardous substances to -APER H CALIFORNIA REV. 8.721