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1 considering alveolar air concentration as a dependent age and environmental air concentration. Geometric i variable, environmental level and age as covariates, mean values within each group are reported in Figure and intensity of the sport activity as a factor. The total 4. explained variance by this statistical model was 73.05% (F - 107.09, p < .001): 58.35% accounted for chloro- Discussion form in environmental air (F - 342.14, p < .001), whereas 13.13"'/n accounted for the age of the subjects Previous studies have evaluated chloroform in water and 5.1114. for the intensity of the sport activity (F = and air of indoor swimming pools and concentration in 711.20, p < .(H)1; F e 14.98, p < .001, respectively). blood samples from people attending these environ- t Analysis of variance and the Student-Neuman Keuls ments. In the present paper, chloroform in alveolar test showed a significant difference between competi- air was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of this live swimmers versus visitors (F - 10.91, p < .001). In analysis to assess exposure in indoor swimming pools Figure 3 are shown geometric means of alveolar air lev- since blood sampling is not always well accepted by els. The differences among the mean levels of chloro- healthy people. All samples of alveolar air collected af- form in each group were also confirmed when the val- ter exposure showed chloroform at different levels, Lies were adjusted for age and environmental air con- whereas it appeared in 53% of samples from nonex- centration. posed subjects and only in traces. Because exposure The competitive group was considered separately, via drinking water was excluded, chloroform levels in according to the kind of swimming but without taking alveolar air samples from exposed subjects were con- the degree of physical effort into account. The swim- sidered as resulting from indoor exposure in the swim- mers were classified into the following four groups: (1) ming pool environment where chloroform was always level I swimmers, using all styles with training suitable present at measurable levels in water and environmen- for children; (2) level If swimmers, using all styles with tal air. training suitable for teenagers; (3) finswimmers; and (4) Chloroform in alveolar air depends on the concentra- water-polo players. The main difference between levels tion in environmental air, the age of the subject, the in- I and 11 is the amount of lime spent swimming in each tensity of the sport activity, and the type of swimming. style. Analysis of covariance was performed consider- No correlation was found between alveolar air levels ing alveolar air concentration as a dependent variable, and concentration in water, although recent data in lit- environmental levels and age as covariates, and type of erature have suggested a kinetic model of dermal ab- swimming as a factor. The total explained variance was sorption in which the quantity of volatile organic con- 78.08% IF - x10.49, p < .001): 70.06% accounted for taminants that can be absorbed from immersion in chloroform in environmental air (F e 361.11, p < water is considerable, especially in younger subjects.'' .001), whereas 7.24% accounted for age (F - 37.32, p As the intensity of physical activity increases, pulmo- < .001), and 4.58"/n (F = 7.87, p < .001) for the kind of nary ventilation rate and cardiac output also increase.17 swimming. Analysis of variance and Student-Neuman Sport activity, the level of chloroform in environmental Keuls test showed significant differences between air, and the age of the subject must be accounted for Group 1 and Groups 2, 3, and 4, and between Group 3 when determining chloroform intake in indoor swim- and Group 2 (F = 15.608, p < .001). The differences ming pools. among the mean levels of chloroform in each group The analyses of samples collected only from competi- am were also confirmed when file values were adjusted for live swimmers showed differences among different pat- 900 Alveolar air(nmol/m3) Alveolar air (nmol/rO _.. _ 1400 1200- 600 -— --------- - --- —- -- �, - -- 1000 - \ — \ 900 400 — — — eoo 200 — - 400 200 law :\ --- -- \ \ 0 -- o -- Visitors Beginners Competitive 1 level swim Il level swim Finswimmers Water-polo Raw gaom.mean ®Adjusted geom.mean Raw gsom.mean 11M Adjusted paom,mean rr ---- Fig. 3. Geometric mean values (raw and adiusted values) of chloro- Fig. 4. Geomelric mean values(raw and adjusted values)of chloro- a- form in alveolar air samples according to physical aclivily. form in alveolar air samples according to the kind of swimming. July/August 1993(Vol.40(No.4)) 253