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a <br /> intoxication is accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) effects, coma, and <br /> convulsions with epileptiform seizures. <br /> 5.1.2 Benzene <br /> Benzene is a clear, volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid with a characteristic <br /> i <br /> aromatic odor. Benzene is a constituent of gasoline and diesel fuel and is used as a <br /> solvent. It is a human carcinogen with evidence indicating it causes leukemia. Acute <br /> exposures may cause CNS depression. Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, . <br /> nausea, convulsions, coma, and even death. <br /> The Federal OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for benzene is 1 ppm with a 5 ppm <br /> ceiling for 15 minutes. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists <br /> (ACGIH) recommends a threshold limit value (TLV) of 10 ppm with a 5 ppm short term <br /> exposure limit (STEL). The immediately dangerous to life and health (1DLH) level is 3,000 <br /> ppm. The odor threshold for benzene in air is'12 ppm and in water is 0.17 ppm. <br /> 5.2 Fire and Explosion <br /> There are many potential causes of explosion and fires at hazardous waste sites: <br /> 0 Chemical reactions that produce explosion, fire or heat <br /> 1 <br /> ❑ Ignition of explosive or flammable chemicals <br /> ❑ Ignition of materials due to oxygen enrichment <br /> ❑ Agitation of shock-or=friction-sensitive compounds <br /> ❑ Sudden release of materials under pressure. <br /> Explosions and fires may arise spontaneously. However, more commonly, they result <br /> from site activities, such as moving drums, accidentally mixing incompatible chemicals, <br /> L or introducing an ignition source (such as a spark from equipment) into an explosive or <br /> flammable environment. At hazardous waste.sites, explosions and fires not only pose the <br /> SA13FS\ST0CKT0N\H5P001] 10/15/99 5-5 <br /> fff��� <br />