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API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1604 b. Keep petroleum liquids away from eyes, skin, and precautions must be taken to: (a) eliminate all potential mouth; they can be harmful or fatal if inhaled,absorbed sources of ignition from the area(for example, smoking through the skin, or ingested. materials, non explosion-proof electrical and internal C. Use soap and water or waterless hand cleaner to combustion equipment), (b) prevent the discharge of remove any petroleum product that contacts skin. Do static electricity during venting of flammable vapors, not use gasoline or similar solvents to remove oil and and (c) prevent the accumulation of vapors at ground grease from skin. level. Refer to API Publication 2015 and Recommended d. Promptly wash petroleum-soaked clothes and avoid Practice 2003 for general precautionary measures to using soaked leather goods. Properly dispose of rags. follow during the vapor-freeing procedure. e. Keep work areas clean and well ventilated. f. Clean up spills promptly. 1.3.2.2 A combustible gas indicator (CGI) should be used to check for hazardous vapor concentrations (see 1.3.1.1 Benzene 4.3). All open flame and spark-producing equipment High occupational exposures to benzene have been within the vapor hazard area should be shut down. Elec- associated with various human blood disorders, in- trical equipment (for example, pumps and portable eluding an increased risk of leukemia. Very high levels hand tools) used in the area must be explosion-proof in have also been known to affect the central nervous accordance with NFPA 70B Class I, Division I, Group system. Benzene administered by mouth has induced D or otherwise approved for use in potentially explosive cancer in laboratory animals in long-term tests. Benzene atmospheres. is rapidly absorbed through the skin. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1.4 Referenced Publications (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) for benzene is 1-part-per-million time-weighted average, with a short Portions of the following documents contain infor- term exposure limit of 25 parts-per-million (the latter is mation regarding various engineering and safety pro- designated for deletion in 1986 or 1987). The Occupa- cedures that may be applicable to underground storage tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tank removal or disposal. 8-hour time-weighted average for benzene is 10 parts- per-million with an acceptable ceiling concentration of API 25 parts-per-million and an acceptable peak of 50 parts- Bull 1628 Underground Spill Cleanup Manual per-million for 10 minutes (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table RP 1631 Interior Lining of Underground Stor- Z-2). OSHA conducted a rulemaking in 1986 with the age Tanks intent to revise this standard. The latest OSHA Occupa- RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising tional Safety and Health Standards should be consulted Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray to determine the current TLV. Currents Publ 2015 Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks 1.3.1.2 Tetraethyl Lead Publ 2015A A Guide for Controlling the Lead This organic form of lead can cause diseases of the Hazard Associated with Tank Entry central and peripheral nervous system, the kidney and and Cleaning (Supplement to API the blood. Skin absorption of this compound is a major Publ 2015) route of entry into the body.The ACGIH time-weighted Publ 2217 Guidelines for Confined Space Work average is 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter for general in the Petroleum Industry room air.The TLV in OSHA's Occupational Safety and Publ 2219 Safe Operating Guidelines for Vacu- Health Standards (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1) is um Trucks in Petroleum Service 0.075 milligrams per cubic meter. NFPAI 1.3.2 FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTIBILITY 327 Standard Procedure for Cleaning or CONSIDERATIONS Safeguarding Small Tanks and Con- 1.3.2.1 Flammable or combustible vapors are likely to tainers be present in the work area. The concentration of 70B Electrical Equipment Maintenance vapors in the tank, the excavation,or the work area may reach the flammable (explosive) range before venting is , Niltional Fircompleted and a safe atmosphere is reached. Therefore, Massachusetts Zo6t9eccion Association. BatterymarcA Park. Quincy,