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when dry. Furrow, border, and sprinkler irrigation systems are suitable. Returning crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic material improves fertility, minimizes crusting, and � increases the rate of water intake. This unit is suited to irrigated g pasture. Irrigation water can be i applied by sprinkler and border methods. Leveling helps to ensure a uniform application of water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition and protect the soil from compaction. If this unit is used for urban development, the main limitations are the high shrink-swell potential, the slow permeability, depth to the hardpan, and low strength.. The rare flooding is a hazard. Properly designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff away from buildings help to prevent the structural damage caused to rare flooding, which occurs during years of by shrinking and swelling. f On sites for septic tank absorption fields, the slow permeability can be overcome by increasing the size of the absorption field. Ripping the hardpan improves permeability and thus also improves the suitability of the soil for septic tank absorption fields. Properly designing buildings and roads can offset the limited ability of the soil to support a load. Houses, roads, and streets.should be constructed above expected flood levels. This map unit is in capability units Ills-8 (MLRA-17), irrigated,'and IVs-8 (MLRA-17), nonirrigated. It is in vegetative soil group G. 193-Madera sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes This moderately well drained neary level soil is on low terraces It is moderately deep to a hardpan It formed in alluvium derived from granitic rock sources In areas that have not been leveled, slopes are complex and the landscape is characterized by hummocky microrelief. The native vegetation is mainly annual grasses and forbs. Meandering drainageways and closed depressions fill with water to form vernal pools during the winter in many areas. Elevation is 60 to 150 feet, The average annual precipitation is about 14 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F, and the average frost-free period is about 275 days. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown and brown sandy loam about 19 inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the subsoil is brown sandy clay loam. The next 6 inches is a claypan of light reddish brown clay. The lower part to a depth of 60 inches is a pale brown and brown, indurated, iron- and silica- E cemented hardpan. In some areas the surface layer is fine sandy loam or loam" Included in this unit are small areas of Alamo soils in drainageways, Exeter and Jahant soils in s landscape positions similar to those of the Madera soil, and Veritas soils on the slightly higher ` parts of the landscape. Also included are small areas of Madera soils that have slopes of 2 to 5 percent and areas where depth to the hardpan is as little as'10 inches and most of the soil has been removed, altered, or exposed as a result of deep :leveling cuts. Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total acreage. Permeability is very slow in the Madera soil. Available water capacity is low. The shrink-swell _ potential is high. The effective rooting depth is limited by the hardpan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Roots are restricted to cracks and the faces of peds in the claypan, which is at a depth of 10 to 25 inches. Water is briefly perched above the claypan and hardpan after periods of heavy Refer to page 22 for Endnotes and Reference Sources Western Dairy Design Associates,Inc.2003 1 Page 5