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5 <br /> { Cultural Setting <br /> Regional Archaeological Background <br /> The background of regional archaeological research in the <br /> Central Valley is given by Beardsley (1948, 1954) , Heizer (1949, <br /> k 1978) , Ragir (1972) , Moratto (1984) , and Napton (1981) . Among <br /> the early archaeological investigations in the Central Valley <br /> were those conducted by Hewes (1941) , Schenck (1926) , and Schenck <br /> and Dawson (1929) . Other investigations have been reported by <br /> Fenenga (1970) , Heizer (1974) , Lillard et al. (1939) , Olsen and <br /> Wilson (1964) , and Schulz and Johnson (1980: 127-128) . <br /> Archaeological investigations in the Central Valley <br /> commenced in the Delta area of San Joaquin County, where from <br /> 1880 to 1906 James M. Barr excavated numerous mound or burial <br /> sites. Other pioneer investigations were conducted by Meredith <br /> . ; (Holmes 1902) . Beginning in 1912, Elmer Dawson undertook <br /> excavations in the Lodi area, subsequently reported upon by <br /> Schenck and Dawson (1929) . Collections of artifacts from mounds <br /> near Stockton were obtained for the University of California, <br /> Berkeley, by P.M. Jones (1923) . <br /> Excavations in the Mokelumne and American River drainages <br /> were conducted by Lillard et al. (1939) , resulting in <br /> identification of three major time periods of Central Valley <br /> 4 prehistory: the "Early", "Transitional", and "Late" periods. <br /> Subsequently Heizer (1949) referred to these periods as <br /> "horizons. " The sequence proposed by Heizer was adopted by <br />! Beardsley (1948, 1954) and has been applied to the Bay area and <br /> the lower Central Valley. These horizons are characterized <br /> 4 . briefly as follows: <br /> �a Earl Horizon: 2500 B.C.-500 B.C. : Burial orientation is <br /> prone, face down and fully extended; material culture includes <br />'F charmstones, large, heavy projectile points, flat slab <br /> millingbases, stone bowl mortars, and pestles. Fiber-tempered <br /> baked clay objects or balls were substituted for cooking stones. <br /> period is represented at CA--SAC-107 Windmiller Mound) and <br /> This p p ( <br /> at CA-SJO-0056, -0068, -0112 -0142, and -0168. Primary <br /> references include Heizer (1949, 1974) , Lillard et al. (1939) , <br /> , r and Ragir (1972) . <br /> Middle Horizon: 500 B.C. -A.D. 800: Burials tightly flexed, ' <br /> cremations rare but often accompanied by funerary goods; <br /> offerings with primary interments rare; evidence of warfare. <br /> Material culture included coiled basketry, as indicated by the <br /> presence of numerous bone awls. charmstones, presumably used in <br />