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Organic linr the sealing of earthen reservoirs 4 103 ysical properties of the experimental material 15— 0 — Experimental material Column wj Soil Broiler Beellol Straw Wastewater litter manure lj size, % 34 54 23.6 20.1 5.5 a � (2.67) (2.11) (2'88) (2.10) Pin — 40.2 38-9 5.5 (2.77) (6.89) (2.10) Flange pm I 61-0 56.3 6.0 soil (5.28) (1140) (1092) (281) f 000 pm — 95 4 98 5 94 0 g o - Liner (1809) (1239) (4.22) Soil density after or compaction Reducer wet,g ml-' 2 04 Flask (0.061) — dry,g ml-' 1.66 Seepage (0.102) ci The value in parenthesis is the standard deviation. Fig. 1. The experimental column. on decomposition rates and a well-distributed liners were compared. The four types of liners de size. were made of 50% straw with 50% beeflot laughterhouse wastewater was used to test the manure (treatment 1), 67% straw with 33% rs (Table 1). This wastewater had been left to broiler litter (treatment 2), 15% straw with ,��(� e before collection and therefore had a TS of 85% beeflot manure (treatment 3) and 100% t mg I`. This wastewater also contained 210 and beeflot manure (treatment 4), all on a dry- > ! 5 mg I` of TN (total nitrogen) and nitrate, matter basis. To maintain equal amounts of ectively. The SAR value of 3 for the wastewater TS among treatments, the wastewater level of well below 10, leading to clay particle disper- each column was maintained by refilling the s 4oa column with its own seepage. (2) The field performance of the organic liner was x' rimental columns tested by repeating treatment 3 as treatment experimental columns were built of two sections 5, except for the refilling of these columns e 150 mm inside diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with more wastewater, rather than with their o ing assembled by means of flanges (Fig. 1). The own seepage liquids. atom 0.1 m section was designed to hold the soil (3) The performance of the four types of organic (e and the organic liner, while the top 3.05 in liners was tested against it control: the soil ion was held to the bottom section by sealed itself without any liner. It should be noted es. The column drainage was collected by that the soil used had a relatively high level of ns of a reducer and its volume was used to organic matter and this can also bring about a late the column's seepage rate. Eighteen col- certain level of gleization. s were built to test five treatments and one The soil was manually packed into the bottom trol in triplicate. section of the columns to obtain a relatively high soil The experimental columns were set up in a non- hydraulic conductivity (k) with respect to that ' lined building, tested during the period from induced by gleization. The soil core density was to September and exposed to ambient tempera- obtained by measuring the total depth of soil and s from —4 to —31°C. In early October, liner placed in each column and by weighing all the ever, the experiment had to be terminated as column bottom sections once they were filled (Table peratures consistently dropped below 0°C during 3). The variable density of the soil cores did not e night. affect the experimental results as the initial seepage rate, reflecting k, was some 1000 times higher than odology that induced by gleization. e 18 columns tested the following treatments and In order not to disturb the liner, a metal plate trot, each in triplicate (Table 3): covered the soil cores when the columns were filled (1) The sealing performances of four types of with 3.25 in of wastewater. The seepage rates of all l